Heat generation factors affecting

The cross-sections of the conductor and the enclosure arc then checked for their adequacy to dissipate the heat generated. The cross-section is then adjusted suitably by permuialions and combinations to arrive at the most appropriate size, keeping in mind the available extruded sections, accounting for all such factors that may affect the rating or the fatilt level of the enclosure and the conductor, such as tap-offs, which are subjected to a cumulative faull level, openings in the conductor for heat dissipation or the enclosure for inspection windows that can infhience their ratings. A calculation in Example 31.1 will clarify the procedure to establish the size of the... 

Temperature is a factor that often limits bioremediation. The first cold-temperature groundwater bioremediations are in progress. In soil treatment, heat generation during composting may overcome the temperature limitations. Bioavailability is another factor controlling bioremediation and strongly affects the residual concentrations achieved. 

Heat capacity also affects the rise of temperature during nitration. Since the heat capacity of a concentrated acid is much lower than that of a dilute acid (Table 17), the same amount of heat generated brings about a higher rise of temperature at the beginning of the nitration than at the end. So this is yet another factor which makes for difficulties when carrying out nitration with concentrated acid. 

The maximum speed for using solid lubricants is determined mainly by heat build-up, and this in turn is affected by friction, thermal conductivity and other forms of heat loss. The maximum specific load is determined by three principal factors. One is the ability of the particular lubricant to withstand the applied stresses. The second is the effect of load on friction and heat generation. The third is the effect on wear rate. 

Commeiciat suspension polymerizations are not strictly isothermal, since the reactor contents must be heated to the final reaction temperature. Mixtures of initiators are therefore used in an attempt to maintain a rate of heat generation close to the cooling capacity of the reactor. Particular initiators are useful only over a limited temperature range. Most initiators for suspension polymerizations have half-lives of about 2 h in the 50-70°C range. After 6 h, then, the final initiator concentration will be 10-15% of the amount charged initially to the reactor (from Eq. (6-32). In PVC synthesis, it is fairly common to use one initiator with a t /2 of 1 -2 h and another with a longer / /2 of 4-6 h. Other factors that affect the usefulness of initiators include ... 

Burying wastes in polar ice was considered, but the heat generated by the radioactive decay was a factor difficult to evaluate. Further, future climate changes could adversely affect the frozen repository. Finally, the Antarctic Treaty of 1959 prohibits disposal in that continent. 

Rheology of polymer compounding is affected by factors such as temperature, additives, and the influence of the extent of shear heat generated. An increase in melt viscosity will occur depending on the nature and level of additives and its specific heat which leads to a reduction of localised temperature around the material. 

Alcoholic fermentation is an exothermic reaction (generating heat), and its kinetics (velocity of the reaction) depends strongly on temperature. Several factors affect the course of fermentation (e.g., pH, alcohol concentration, high salt concentration), but temperamre has the greatest effect. Several research studies have shown that the optimum temperature for S. cerevisiae in alcoholic fermentation is close to 32 °C (Costa et al. 2009). 

Although Eq. (11.1) is a useful guideline, additional factors will affect separation efficiency in CE. Heat generated at the high voltages employed may be dissipated more rapidly near the capillary wall than nearer to the center of the capillary. This leads to unequal migration velocities within the zone and subsequent peak deformation. For this reason, separations are often at 15-20 kV rather than at the maximum of 30 kV applied potential. 

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