Hardwood phenol composition

Wood contains a small proportion (usually less than 5%) of components which are extractable by organic solvents such as ethanol or dichloromethane. The proportion of these extractives varies in hardwoods and softwoods and also between species. Although many of these substances are removed during the chemical pulping process, some may still be retained in the final sheet of paper. Their chemical composition is very varied, and they include alkanes, fatty alcohols and acids (both saturated and unsaturated), glycerol esters, waxes, resin acids, terpene and phenolic components. The proportion which remains in pulp and paper depends upon the pulping process used. In general, acidic components such as the resin and fatty acids are relatively easily removed by alkali by conversion to their soluble... 

Like other pyrolysis oil processes. Biocarbons Corporation s reactor produces a large number of oil compounds. For mixed hardwood (maple, birch and beech) pyrolyzed at typical operating conditions, 69 peaks were found by GC/MS analysis. Of these, the 14 peaks present at above 2 mole percent, represented 45 mole percent of the product that came through the GC. The 27 peaks between 1 and 2 mole percent, represented an additional 37 mole percent of the product. These compounds that were identified are listed in Table 1, in order of appearance (time). Several of the 4-position groups could also be occurring at the 3 position. All are reactable to make a phenol-forma Idehvde type adhesive. Pyrolysis oil from pine that was nude at the same operating condition (but has not yet been tested for adhesive use) had essentially the same compounds present at >1 mole percent, but at different relative concentrations. Some lower concentration compounds such as fatty acids are only produced from pine, but these compounds are specific to softwoods and the composition of softwoods. A comparison between the mixed hardwoods and pine products is shown in Table 2. 

With adjustments in composition to compensate for the chemical features of each aromatic hydroxyl source, a wood binder formulated with hardwood lignin, softwood lignin, or phenol (67) will be deemed highly effective if it can be 1. formulated at lower cost, 2. applied with conventional equipment, 3, reacted under the same process conditions, and 4. an adhesive that is so strong that wood parts formed with it fail in the wood phase most of the time and not in the adhesive phase. 

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