Hardened steel surface

A sample placed between two flat, parallel, hardened steel surfaces is subjected to the drop weight impact. Depending on the characteristics of the tested explosive, the drop weight mass, and the drop height (i.e., impact energy), the initiation of the sample may or may not occur. The drop height that enables the initiation of the tested explosive is the measure of its impact sensitivity. 

Figure 8.7 The Hittite method for manufacturing forgeable iron with a hardened steel surface.

Chromium is used to harden steel, to manufacture stainless steel, and to form many useful alloys. Much is used in plating to produce a hard, beautiful surface and to prevent corrosion. Chromium gives glass an emerald green color and is widely used as a catalyst. 

The principle of the Brinell hardness test is that the spherical surface area of a recovered indentation made with a standard hardened steel ball under specific load is direcdy related to the property called hardness. In the following, HBN = Brinell hardness number, P = load in kgf,... 

Steel Surface hardness, HRC Method of hardening Number of shafts tested Cycles to failure x 10 ... 

Nitriding can impart significant wear resistance to steel surfaces, as illustrated in Eigure 8. The resistance to abrasion of an uncase hardened steel compared to that of the same steel nitrided, and the steel having a carburized case, is shown (3,17). Improvement in weight loss is related direcdy to the hardness of the case. 

Case Hardening by Surface Deformation. When a metaUic material is plastically deformed at sufficiently low temperature, eg, room temperature for most metals and alloys, it becomes harder. Thus one method to produce a hard case on a metallic component is to plastically deform the surface region. This can be accomplished by a number of methods, such as by forcing a hardened rounded point onto the surface as it is moved. A common method is to impinge upon the surface fine hard particles such as hardened steel spheres (shot) at high velocity. This process is called shot... 

An iatermediate treatment that adds both carbon and nitrogen to steel surfaces can be obtained by exposiag the parts to a bath of molten cyanide at just above the critical temperature of the core for about one hour followed by direct quenching. The hardened area is about 0.25-mm deep. 

This consists of loading a pointed diamond or a hardened steel ball and pressing it into the surface of the material to be examined. The further into the material the indenter (as it is called) sinks, the softer is the material and the lower its yield strength. The true hardness is defined as the load (F) divided by the projected area of the indent, A. (The Vickers hardness, H , unfortunately was, and still is, defined as F divided by the total surface area of the indent. Tables are available to relate H to Ff .)... 

Process of hardening the surface of a piece of steel to a relatively shallow depth. 

The Brinell test uses an indentor of 10 mm diameter hardened steel ball, and applies a load which is usually 3000 kg. The Brinell hardness number (BHN) is defined as the load, F (kilogrammes), divided by the surface area of the indentation. The expression given below describes the definition. 

An alternative to the measurement of the dimensions of the indentation by means of a microscope is the direct reading method, of which the Rockwell method is an example. The Rockwell hardness is based on indentation into the sample under the action of two consecutively applied loads - a minor load (initial) and a standardised major load (final). In order to eliminate zero error and possible surface effects due to roughness or scale, the initial or minor load is first applied and produce an initial indentation. The Rockwell hardness is based on the increment in the indentation depth produced by the major load over that produced by the minor load. Rockwell hardness scales are divided into a number of groups, each one of these corresponding to a specified penetrator and a specified value of the major load. The different combinations are designated by different subscripts used to express the Rockwell hardness number. Thus, when the test is performed with 150 kg load and a diamond cone indentor, the resulting hardness number is called the Rockwell C (Rc) hardness. If the applied load is 100 kg and the indentor used is a 1.58 mm diameter hardened steel ball, a Rockwell B (RB) hardness number is obtained. The facts that the dial has several scales and that different indentation tools can be filled, enable Rockwell machine to be used equally well for hard and soft materials and for small and thin specimens. Rockwell hardness number is dimensionless. The test is easy to carry out and rapidly accomplished. As a result it is used widely in industrial applications, particularly in quality situations. 

These include water-based materials such as amine, esters and alkylsilanes. Water-based amines and esters have no significant effect on slump and rate of hardening of concrete. It is claimed they delay corrosion of steel both in cracked and uncracked members. Effectiveness of the admixture has been attributed to a dual mechanism of corrosion inhibition, viz. prevention of chloride and moisture ingress and formation of a protective film on the surface of the steel. Ester molecules derived from the admixture are said to line the pores of the concrete thus increasing the resistance to moisture and chloride penetration, while the film-forming characteristics of the amine promote adsorption of the molecules on the steel surface, providing a protective coat which keeps moisture and chlorides out. 

Brinell method. The measurement is made by driving a calibrated hardened steel ball of diameter D into a flat and smooth sample under variable pressure P, perpendicular to the surface, and then measuring the diameter of the indentation d left on the surface (CMEA ST. 468-77 ISO R 79-68). Brinell hardness HB is the ratio of pressure P to area S of a spherical cup-shaped indentation... 

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