Handling of air

Control technologies employed for the handling of air emissions normally include the capture and recycling or combustion of emissions from vents, product transfer points, storage tanks, and other handling equipment. Boilers, heaters, other combustion devices, cokers, and catalytic units may require paniculate matter controls. Use of a carbon monoxide boiler is normally a standard practice... 

The handling of air- and moisture-sensitive compounds requires special precautions. Useful tips are given in several references15,22 25. 

Caution Butyllithium is an air-sensitive, pyrophoric material and should be kept under an inert atmosphere at all times. Persons following this procedure should be thoroughly familiar with the handling of air-sensitive solutions (Note 1). Bromobenzene is an irritant and a potential carcinogen. 

A pamphlet describing techniques for the handling of air-sensitive solutions can be ordered from Aldrich Chemical Company, Inc. 

For a detailed description of the general techniques used In the handling of air-sensitive solutions, consult ref. 3. Alternatively, a useful pamphlet describing these techniques is available from Aldrich Chemical Company, Inc., upon request. 

Catecholborane (1,3,2-benzodioxaborole) with a purity of 95% was purchased from Aldrich Chemical Company, Inc. and purified by distillation under nitrogen, bp 58°C (52 mm). For the distillation and handling of air and moisture sensitive compounds, see references 3-5. Catecholborane is a liquid at room temperature, and the neat material is 9.0 H in catecholborane. The preparation of catecholborane from borane and catechol has been reported. ... 

Recent developments in reaction techniques which include handling of air-sensitive and moisture-sensitive compounds new chromatographic procedures phase transfer catalysis and solid support reagents. 

By the time of the Encyclopedia, however, this had begun to change. One of the first and key sources of change was the invention by the Reverend Stephen Hales of a new instrument, the pneumatic trough. This instrument is important for what it made possible in the handling of air. The history of its invention and early use illustrates the difference there may be between the motives for inventing a device and the ways in which that device is used. 

Caution These transformations should be carried out in an efficient hood and only by persons familiar with the handling of air-sensitive and toxic materials. 

The preparation of complexes of was hampered in the past by their easy oxidation, However, as techniques for the handling of air- and moisture-sensitive compounds have become more routine, the number of synthetic routes to such complexes and the types of complexes formed have increased. 

Borazine has been known since the pioneering work of Alfred Stuck early in this century. Stock s work was important in two regards He was the first to study compounds such as the boranes, silunes. and other similar nonmetal compounds, and he perfected vacuum line techniques for the handling of air- and moIsture Sensitive compounds, invaluable to the modern inoiganic chemist-fi Stock synthesized borazine by heating the adduct of diborane and ammoniii ... 

A low-temperature electrochemical oxidation system for the generation of cation pools is shown in Figure 5.6. The DC power supply is not very expensive, and the reactions can be easily conducted with normal laboratory techniques that are used for the handling of air-sensitive reagents at low temperatures. 

Caution I The manipulation and handling of air-sensitive compounds requires the use of special techniques. While no difficulties have been encountered with the present procedures, the preparer should consult References 2 and 3 prior to carrying out these syntheses. 

The scheme illustrates that E-olefins lead to virtually pure trans-adducts. However, Z-olefins produce mixtures of as- and tra .9-methylenecyclopentanes, the loss of stereospecificity being partially due to Z/E isomerization of the olefin under the reaction conditions. The stepwise nature of the addition also contributes to the loss in stereochemical integrity. Although in these examples the palladium catalyst used was the prereduced tetrakis(triphenylphosphane)palladi-um(0), studies have shown that there is no significant difference in yield between this approach and the use of palladium acetate with triisopropyl phosphite. Indeed, this latter system is often much easier to apply since the nature of the phosphane can be altered and the handling of air-sensitive complexes is avoided. The procedure with teti akis(triphenylphosphane)palladium(0) as catalyst is exemplified by the addition to coumarin. 

S. Komiya, ed. (1997) Synthesis of Organometallic Compounds A Practical Guide, Whey-VCH, Weinheim - A book emphasizing methods of S5mthesis and handling of air-sensitive compounds. 

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