Halogenation dinitro

In general, chlorinated nitrobenzenes reduce the growth rate of fungi and spore formation, but they do not inhibit the germination of spores. The effect of halogenated dinitro- or trinitrobenzenes is more similar to that of halogenated mononitrobenzenes than to that of dinitroalkylphenols. 

I itro-DisplacementPolymerization. The facile nucleophilic displacement of a nitro group on a phthalimide by an oxyanion has been used to prepare polyetherimides by heating bisphenoxides with bisnitrophthalimides (91). For example with 4,4 -dinitro monomers, a polymer with the Ultem backbone is prepared as follows (92). Because of the high reactivity of the nitro phthalimides, the polymerkation can be carried out at temperatures below 75°C. Relative reactivities are nitro compounds over halogens, Ai-aryl imides over A/-alkyl imides, and 3-substituents over 4-substituents. Solvents are usually dipolar aprotic Hquids such as dimethyl sulfoxide, and sometimes an aromatic Hquid is used, in addition. 

Polymer-supported tetraphenylphosphonium bromide is a recyclable catalyst for halogen-exchange reactions. The reaction of 1 equivalent of chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene with 1 5 equivalents of spray-dned potassium fluoride and 0.1 equivalent of this catalyst in acetonitnle at 80 C for 12 h gives 2,4-dinitro-fluorobenzene m 98% yield An 11% yield is obtained without the catalyst [3 /]. 

The halogens of halothiophenes are more labile than those of the corresponding benzenes in accordance with theoretical considera-tions which indicate that thiophenes should also undergo nucleophilic substitutions more rapidly than benzenes. Hurd and Kreuz" found that in qualitative experiments 3,5-dinitro-2-chlorothiophene was more reactive toward piperidine and methanolic potassium hydroxide than 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene. A quantitative study on the reaction of the six isomeric bromonitrothiophenes with piperidine (Table V) shows that the thiophenes react about one thousand times... 

Nucleophilic substitution has been used for the preparation of many thiophenes. For instance, 2-phenylthio-3,4-dinitro-5-piperidino-thiophene (155) has been prepared " through stepwise reaction of (150) with different nucleophiles. Nitrothienols and derivatives of them have been obtained from halogenated nitrothiophenes. " Allyl ethers have been prepared by the reaction of 5-chJoro-4-nitro-2-acetylthiophene, 3-nitro-2-chlorothiophene, and 2-nitro-3-bromothio-... 

Central nervous system Nicotine, strychnine, arsenic, halogenated hydrocarbons, organic phosphates, dinitro-phenols, fluoroacetate (1080)... 

Several of the methods of synthesis of 2,2 -bipyridines have their counterpart in the preparation of 4,4 -bipyridine. The Ullmann reaction has been used to prepare 4,4 -bipyridine. Thus 4-halogenated pyridines afford 4,4 -bipyridine. Dehalogenation and dimerization of 4-bromopyridine may be accomplished too with hydrazine and alkali at 65°C in the presence of a palladium catalyst, whereas 4-chloropyridine is converted to 4,4 -bipyridine in 46% yield by reaction with alkaline sodium formate in the presence of palladium on charcoal and a surfactant. Several extensions of the Ullmann reaction have recently been reported, especially for the synthesis of substituted 4,4 -bipyridines. Thus 4-iodo-2-methylpyridine gives 2,2 -dimethyl-4,4 -bipyridine, 3-nitro-4-chloropyridine affords 3,3 -dinitro-4,4 -bipyridine, 4-bromo- or 4-iodotetrafluoropyridine gives octafluoro-4,4 -bipyridine, and 4-iodo- or 4-bromotetrachloropyridine gives octachloro-4,4 -bipyridine. Related syntheses have been de-... 

Unsubstituierte Imidazole reagieren wie zahlreiche andere Nukleophile mit elektronenarmen Halogen-arenen unter nukleophiler Substitution des Halogen-Atoms zu 1 -Aryl-imidazolen. So wird z.B. aus Imidazol mit 4-Fluor-l,3-dinitro-benzol/ Dimethylformamid bei 20° in 91% Ausbeute l-(2,4-Dirtitro-phenyI)-imidazol erhalten769. 

Die Substitution einer Nitro-Gruppe in 4,5-Dinitro-imidazol ist auBer durch Halogen-Atome auch durch andere Nukleophile wie Alkanolat, Thiolat oder Amin moglich971. 

Halo-nitro-anilinoethanols Halo-nitro-l-(f). hydroxyethylamino)-benzene, or Halo-nitro-phenylaminoethanols were prepd and examined by K.F.Waldkottet.Rec 57,1298-1310 (1938). Among these compds, the hedo-dinitro-N-nitranilinoetbanol nitrates of general formula (02N)2 Cnitric acid at —10 to —15°. Some dihalo-nitro-N-nitranilinoethanol nitrates,... 

Cme-substitution of l,4-dinitro-5-methylpyrazoles with nucleophiles has been reported previously. However, substitution of 4-nitro substituent with 4-halogen is not detrimental to the outcome of the reaction [95JHC747]. These reactions occur by the initial formation of the diazafulvene intermediate (24). 

Two suitably positioned nitro groups make the halogen-bearing carbon atom in 2,4-dinitro-halobenzenes a favored point of reaction for nucleophilic substitution reactions. Thus, 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine is produced from the reaction of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene with hydrazine ... 

Herbicides that act as inhibitory uncouplers are dinitro-phenols, N-phenylcarbamates, acylanilides, halogenated benzoni-triles, substituted imidazoles, substituted benzimidazoles, bromofenoxim, substituted 2,6-dinitroanilines, pyridinols, and substituted 1,2,4-thiadiazoles (2). 

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