Halogen compounds aromatic: derivatives

These processes are applied to organic compounds including phenols, aromatic amines, halogenated compounds, nitrated derivatives, fecal wastes, dyes, aldehydes, carboxylic acid anions, and others. The inorganic substance that has probably been the most commonly treated through the electrochemical route is cyanide its main product is the much less toxic cyanate ion. 

Table 111,42 deals with a number of aliphatic halogen compounds together with their crystalline derivatives. Some aromatic compounds, which simulate the properties of aliphatic haUdes in some respects, are included. 

Aryl iodides are exceptional among the aromatic halogen compounds in that they form a series of derivatives in which the iodine exhibits a covalency greater than one. Some typical interconversions for which experimental conditions are given (Expts 6.31 to 6.36) are summarised below. 

The properties of a number of aromatic halogen compounds together with the melting points of their derivatives are collected in Table 10.11. 

An aromatic compound (benzene derivative) in which a halogen is bonded to one of the carbon atoms of the aromatic ring. (p. 218)... 

The aromatic halogenated ketones, unlike those of the aliphatic series, are quite stable compounds. Another difference is that the aromatic derivatives, although they contain a carbonyl group, form no additive compounds with bisulphite. ... 

Nonaqueous organic solvents consist of the following classes of compounds aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and their halogenated and nitro derivatives, alcohols, carboxylic acids, esters, ethers, ketones, aldehydes, amines, nitriles, unsubstituted and substituted amides, sulfoxides, and sulfones. In general, a compound... 

Shikimic acid (64) is the biosynthetic precursor to an array of aromatic compounds, including benzoic and cinnamic acids/ This pathway is utilized by microorganisms and plants, but not by animals, which obtain essential shikimate building blocks like phenylalanine from their diets/ Red algae are known to be a prolific source of halogenated phenolic metabolites derived from shikimic acid, comprising approximately 5% of known algal metabolites/ ... 

Grignard s Synthesis.—Magnesium reacts with halogen derivatives of the aromatic hydrocarbons as well as with those derived from the paraffins. The compounds so formed are decomposed by water, and hydrocarbons are formed. By the application of this method a halogen compound can be converted into the corresponding hydrocarbon —... 

Halogen derivatives of aromatic compounds may also be prepared from hydroxyl derivatives by a reaction which is analogous to that used in the case of aliphatic compounds. When phenol, CeHsOH, and similar substances are treated with the halides of phosphorus, the hydroxyl groups are replaced by halogen. The yield of halogen compound is small in most cases, however, and the reaction is seldom used as a means of preparing such compounds. When the hydroxyl group is situated in a side-chain, the reaction takes place, in the main, as in the case of aliphatic compounds. 

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