Haber, Ludwig

Haber, Ludwig Fritz. The Poisonous Cloud Chemical Warfare in the First World War. Oxford Clarendon Press, 1986. 

Zeit. fur Elektrochemie und angewandte physikalische Chemie 1929, 35, pp 920-27 Haber, Ludwig. "The Chemical Industry 1900-1930" Clarendon Press Oxford, 1971, pp 93-95 Farber, Eduard. Chymia 1966, 11, pp 157-58. 

Haber, Ludwig F. The Chemical Industry during the Nineteenth Century A Study of the Economic Aspect of Applied Chemistry in Europe and North America. Oxford Clarendon Press, 1958, 1969. 

Haber, Ludwig F. (1958) The Chemical Industry During the Nineteenth-Century, Oxford, Clarendon Press. 

Haber, Ludwig Fritz, 228 Haber, Paula, 65 Haber, Siegfried, 65 Hahn, Otto, 231 Hellriegel, Hermann, 14-16 Hessberger, Johannes, 75 Hildebrand, Georg F., 62 Hitler, Adolf, 224, 229-230 Hoffmann, August Wilhelm von, 66 Humholdt, Alexander von, 41... 

After the Nazi takeover, Haber s second wife Charlotte moved to England where one of her sons, Ludwig Haber, became a prominent historian and wrote about chemical warfare, including his father s role in its development. Clara Haber s son Hermann moved to New York City where in 1946 he, like his mother before him, committed suicide. 

Ludwig Fritz Haber. The Poisonous Cloud Chemical Warfare in the First World War. Oxford Clarendon Press, 1986. An authoritative history of chemical warfare by Fritz and Charlotte Haber s son. Source for Ypres Haber s responsibility for poison gas his authoritarianism during World War I and failure of poison gas as weapon. 

Now, in the summer of 1939, orders went out from Krauch s office in an unbelievably increasing stream. First, to the Vermin-lungstelle Wehrmacht. From there, orders for nitrates went by special delivery to Dr. Ambros at Ludwigshafen. From Ludwigs-hafen the nitrates were shipped to the Dynamit A.G. s older factories. The Haber-Bosch nitrates went to the largest factories at Pressburg and Troisdorf, the nitrates weaned from sulfuric acid to Mannheim and Hackenburg. 

Ludwig Haber s book [859a] provides a modern, incisive and detailed analysis of the casualty statistics for World War I, and has been used here as the most reliable source available. Fig. 1.17 illustrates the estimated gas casualities, and Fig. 1.18 shows parallel data for gas deaths. The total number of casualties estimated by Haber (just over half-a-million) [859a] is less than half of Prentiss estimate (ca. 1,300,000) [1660]. In a similar relationship,... 

Another death at the same time, remembered much later, helps explain the silence. A week before Clara Haber s death, Fritz Haber s dear friend Richard Willstatter started to worry about his ten-year-old son, Ludwig, who seemed unaccountably tired and thirsty. A doctor examined the youngster and declared him perfectly fit. In reality, Ludwig was suffering from unrecognized diabetes. A day later, he fell into a coma and died. 

Fritz s friends, judging by some of their later comments, never liked Charlotte very much. In his memories of Haber, Willstatter barely mentions Charlotte, or the two children she bore. (Charlotte and Fritz s son, Ludwig Fritz, was born in 1920.) Another friend called the marriage unfortunate. There are hints of various reasons for these feelings loyalty to Clara distaste for Charlotte s boisterous personality or a feeling that Charlotte interfered with something they considered more important, his science. 

The children, Eva and Ludwig, now spent most of their time with Charlotte, at her new home in central Berlin. Throughout the year, they visited their father s villa in Dahlem, and during the summer, they sometimes joined him at the farm in southern Germany. But they never felt particularly close to him Fritz Haber seemed to them a feeble and distant figure. Haber certainly felt a keen sense of responsibility toward his younger children. It s uncertain, though, whether he loved them. Probably he did, but from a distance. 

See Ulrich Trumpener, "The road to Ypers. The beginnings of gas-warfare in World War One," Journal of modern history, 47 (1975), 460-480 Ludwig F. Haber, The poisonous cloud Chemical warfare in the first world war (Oxford, 1986). 

KWI-PChE/FFII-MPG KWI fiir Physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie/Fritz-Haber-lnstitut der MPG LMU Ludwig-Maximilans-Universitat Miinchen... 

The Bosch-directed, indeed Bosch-driven, process of converting a bench-top process into a large-scale commercial reality proceeded at an impressive pace. The first ammonia prodnced at the experimental site (Lu 398) in the company s main Ludwig-shafen compound began to flow on May 18 and 19, 1910, just ten months after Haber s Karlsruhe demonstration. Two months later, on July 19, there was enough ammonia to fill a 5 kg container. ... 

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