H Alcohols

The specific gravities of oils and alcohols are about 0.8, of water 1.0, and of mercury 13,h. Alcohol has a low surface tension however, it tends to absorb water and evaporate, and its density varies considerably with temperature. 

Cu-+ Peroxidase Cytochrome oxidase Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) Hydride ion (H ) Alcohol dehydrogenase... 

Gras, E.H. "Alcohol Comes on Strong as a Fracturing Fluid," Drillinq DCW(Mav. 1973). 

Smith M, Hopkinson DA, Harris H. Alcohol dehydrogenase isozymes in adult human stomach and liver evidence for activity of the ADH3 locus. Ann Hum Genet (London) 1972 35 243-253. 

Under appropriate conditions, alcohols and amines can undergo an oxidative double carbonylation process, with formation of oxalate esters (Eq. 34), oxamate esters (Eq. 35) or oxamides (Eq. 36). These reactions are usually catalyzed by Pd(II) species and take place trough the intermediate formation of bis(alkoxycarbonyl)palladium, (alkoxycarbonyl)(carbamoyl)palladium or bis(carbamoyl)palladium complexes, as shown in Scheme 29 (NuH, Nu H = alcohol or amine) [227,231,267,293-300]. 

A related dehydrogenation of primary and secondary alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes/ketones has been achieved using the dihydride iridium compound [IrH2(C6H3-2,6 CH2P-t-Bu2 2)j as the precursor s catalyst and t-butylethylene as hydrogen acceptor (Eq. 13). The reactions are carried out at 200 °C with a 99% yield in 18 h (alcohol/Rh = 10/1) [55]. 

Quinolines can be prepared from the oxidative coupling and cyclation of the 2-aminobenzyl alcohol and ketones (Scheme 4) catalyzed by the system [RhCl(PPh3)3]/KOH [58]. The reactions were carried out in dioxane at 80 °C with 85% yield in 24 h (alcohol/Rh = 100/1). However, better yields are obtained with the related ruthenium system [RuCl2(=CHPh)(PCy3)2 [59]. 

Intermolecular Insertions. Singlet carbenes undergo insertion reactions with X H bonds such as O—H (alcohols), N—H (amines), Si H (silanes), and so on. The reactions with alcohols can be extremely fast. Here, however, we focus on the C H insertion reactions of singlet carbenes, in which carbon-carbon bonds are created. ... 

O—H alcohols, phenols, acids (bending vibration) 1000-1450 strong... 

The metal-promoted processes follow a general mechanistic route, involving the intermediate formation of an alkoxycarbonyl- or a carbamoyl-metal species from the reaction between MX2, CO and NuH (NuH = alcohol, phenol or amine), followed by nucleophilic attack by Nu II (Nu H = alcohol, phenol or amine) (Scheme 26). 

The following tables are intended to include all the reductions with aluminum alkoxides which were reported prior to February, 1943, although some examples doubtless have been overlooked. Table I lists the reduction of aldehydes, which have been subdivided into (a) aliphatic aldehydes and (b) alicyclic and aromatic aldehydes. Table II lists the reduction of ketones, which have been classified as (a)-satu-rated and unsaturated aliphatic ketones, (b) aromatic ketones, (c) alicyclic ketones, (d) unsaturated alicyclic and aromatic ketones, (e) a- — halogen substituted ketones, (f) diketones, (g) protected diketones, (h) alcoholic and phenolic ketones (and ethers or esters of these), and (i) keto esters. 

Upon aqueous workup, these provide secondary (R = H) or tertiary (R + H) alcohols F. These compounds contain two identical substituents at the carbinol carbon both of which originate from the nucleophile. 

Horn, T., Christoffersen, P., Henriksen, J.H. Alcoholic liver injury Defenestration in noncirrhotic livers - a scanning electron microscopic study. Hepatology 1987 7 77-82... 

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