Gun metal

The electrical industry is one of the greatest users of copper. Iron s alloys -- brass and bronze --are very important all American coins are copper alloys and gun metals also contain copper. 

As for storage tanks, stainless steel and lacquer-lined mild steel are suitable materials of constmction for pipe lines. For pumps, valves, etc, various alloys are suitable, including phosphor bronze, gun metal. Monel, stainless steel, and certain nickel steel alloys. Alloys with high proportions of ziac and tin together with copper and aluminum are not recommended. 

Bronze (7%) (Cu/Sn) typically 5-10% Sn often with added P or Zn to aid casting and impart superior elasticity and strain resistance. Gun metal is 85% Cu, 5% Sn, 5% Zn and 5% Pb. Coinage metal and brass also often contain small amounts of Sn. World production of bronzes approaches SOO 000 tonnes pa. 

The most satisfactory solution to this problem is to employ a corrosion-resistant alloy, and alloys of the gun-metal type, containing 2-4% zinc, have proved completely satisfactory. The substitution of zinc for phosphorus gives sounder castings and improves the corrosion resistance of the copper-rich matrix. 

Originally, equipment was made largely from wood or gun-metal and often rubber lined. These materials give the lowest hazards from friction with explosives. Nowadays, improved standards of engineering and of design have made it possible to employ stainless steel and plastics in the construction of explosive machinery with considerable increase in mechanical efficiency. In this way not only can processes be carried out more rapidly, but the quantity of explosive present at any time is reduced, with consequent increase in overall safety. 

Alloys. Tin is widely used as both a major and minor ingredient of alloy metals. These applications are summarized in Tables 1, 2, and 3. Phosphor bronzes (Table 3) actually contain very little phosphorus, ranging from 0.03 to 0.50%, and hence the alloys are poorly designated. Tin bronzes is the better term. High-silicon bronzes contain about 2.8% tin low-silicon bronzes about 2.0% tin. Gun metals are tin bronze casting alloys with a 5 10% zinc content. Some wrought copper-base alloys contain tin (1) Inhibited Admiralty metal, 1% fin (2) manganese bronze, 1% tin (3) naval brass, 0.75% tin, (4) leaded naval brass, 0.75% tin. See also Copper. 

Applications.—Copper is employed in large quantities in the manufacture of electric conductors and apparatus, and for many other purposes. Its alloys are of the highest importance in the arts, examples being the so-called bronzing powders,1 brass, gun-metal, coins, and so on. 

The 16th-century majolica samples came from excavations at the Metropolitan Cathedral in Mexico City and can be assigned to a date before 1573. Other ceramics from excavations in Mexico City at the Sagrario and the Metro can not be so closely dated. The types of ceramics include Mexico City White, Fig Springs/ San Juan Polychrome, Sevilla White, and Columbia Gun Metal. 

The data were initially screened to separate Spanish and Mexican productions. The ceramics typologically classified as Spanish had cerium, thorium, and lanthanum concentrations consistent with production in Spain (3). These types included Columbia Plain, Columbia Gun Metal, Sevilla White, Yayal Blue on White, Santo Domingo Blue-on-White, Ichtucknee Blue-on-White, Ichtucknee Blue-on-Blue, and Santa Elena Mottled Blue-on-White. 

UHV-high-pressure reaction cell are preferable. Such an instrument that has been successfully applied for several years is shown in Fig. 8 (48,84,118). The UHV section (lx 10 mbar) is equipped with tools for sample preparation (Ar ion gun, metal evaporator, quartz crystal microbalance) as well as sample characterization by FEED, AES, and thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS). After analysis of the model catalysts under UHV, the samples are transferred (still under UHV) to the SFG cell. When the manipulator is lowered to the SFG level, the sample holder is... 

---