Growth Hormone Potassium

Individuals with chronic liver disease may have disorders of fluid and electrolyte balance, including ascites, edema, and effusions. Alterations of whole body potassium induced by vomiting and diarrhea, as well as severe secondary aldosteronism, may contribute to muscle weakness and can be worsened by diuretic therapy. The metabolic derangements caused by metabolism of large amounts of ethanol can result in hypoglycemia, as a result of impaired hepatic gluconeogenesis, and in ketosis, caused by excessive lipolytic factors, especially increased cortisol and growth hormone. 

Endocrine and metabolic Blood tests Serum concentrations of pituitary horrmones (TSH, LH, FSH, ACTH, growth hormone, prolactin, vasopressin) serum concentrations of other hormones (insulin parathyroid hormone, glucagon, calcitonin, vitamin D) and serum electrolyte concentrations (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium)... 

Fig. 1 Tryptic maps of the intact and (insets) degraded forms of recombinant human growth hormone (RHGH). The separation was achieved on a Nucleosil C-18 column (150 X 3.9 mm inner diameter) with a 120-min mobile-phase gradient from 10 mM potassium phosphate (pH 2.85) to 60% acetonitrile in the starting buffer. The flow rate was 1 mL/min and detection was at 214 nm. [Reprinted from J. Frenz, W.S. Hancock,...

Trans. I 1975, 2243 M. Miyano, J. Org. Chem. 46, 1846 zona glomerulosa and transported chiefly by alhumm In man, 400 secreted normally in one day, Secretion influenced by ACTH, growth hormone plasma sodium and potassium, and the renin-angiotensin system. Causes reabsorption of N i +, Cl-, and HC03" and diuresis of K+. Review L. F. Fieser, M. Fieser, Steroids (Reinhold New York, 1959) pp 701-720. 

Effect on Electrolytes. The administration of human growth hormone raises the intracellular levels of electrolytes, leads to a loss of bone calcium, and reduces urinary levels of phosphorus, potassium, and sodium. The increase in intracellular electrolytes may result from an increase in the cellular mass. Mobilization of bone calcium leads to osteoporosis in acromegaly and calciuria. Two explanations offered for this are (1) increased glomerular filtration combined with inhibition of tubular reabsorption, and (2) stimulation of parathyroid secretion. 

There is no satisfactory explanation for the reduced levels of phosphorus, potassium, and sodium found in urine of individuals injected with growth hormone. The hormone is believed to stimulate glomerular filtration at the same time that it increases tubular reabsorption. Although the reasons for increased reabsorption of potassium and sodium are obscure, it is possible to speculate on the reasons for phosphorus reabsorption. Increased tubular reabsorption of phosphorus is not accompanied by increased levels of phosphorus in the blood, and therefore phosphorus could be concentrated in the tissue where it stimulates growth. 

Next to the amount of P, the chemical form of this nutrient (Lambers et al. 2002 Shu et al. 2005 Shane et al. 2008) and the availability of other nutrients, especially nitrogen, potassium, and iron (Shane and Lambers 2005) affects the formation of cluster roots. It seems to be regulated by several plant hormones. Thus, application of auxin led to the production of cluster roots in white lupin at P concentrations that normally suppress cluster roots (Gilbert etal. 2000 Neumann et al. 2000). Cytokinines might also play a role, as kinetin applied to the growth medium of P-deficient white lupin inhibited the formation of cluster roots (Neumann et al. 2000). 

Mechanism of Action A polypeptide hormone that stimulates cartilaginous growth areas of long bones, increases the number and size of skeletal muscle cells, influences the size of organs, and increases RBC mass by stimulating erythropoietin. Influences the metabolism of carbohydrates (decreases insulin sensitivity), fats (mobilizes fatty acids), minerals (retains phosphorus, sodium, potassium by promotion of cell growth), and proteins (increases protein synthesis). Therapeutic Effect Stimulates growth. 

Bromine and Iodine Compared to chlorine, much less bromine and iodine are produced annually because there are fewer commercial uses for their compounds. Silver bromide and silver iodide are used to coat photographic film. Your body needs iodine to maintain a healthy thyroid gland. This gland produces hormones that control growth and your metabolic rate—the speed at which biochemical reactions occur. Alack of iodine causes the thyroid gland to enlarge, a condition called goiter. Seafood is an excellent source of iodine. So is iodized salt, which contains potassium iodide or sodium iodide in addition to sodium chloride. Because iodine kills bacteria, campers use iodine tablets or crystals to disinfect water. 

Iodine is introduced into the body mostly through food, iodized salt, and also drinking water and milk. Dietary iodine is found in the form of iodide or iodate of potassium, calcium, or sodium (Venkatesh and Dunn, 1995). When iodine requirements are not met, the production of thyroid hormones is reduced and the thyroid gland enlarges to compensate for this reduction. In adults, mild iodine deficiency is associated with nontoxic nodular goiter and, less often, with toxic nodular goiter because the constitutive (thyrotropin-independent) growth and the functional potential of some clones of thyroid cells increase. 

Iodide ion has long been known to be essential to thyroid gland function. Hormones produced by the thyroid gland contain iodine and are responsible for growth, development, and maintenance of all body tissues. If there is a deficiency of iodine, the thyroid glands can become extremely enlarged, a condition called goiter. The routine use of iodized salt (0.1% potassium iodide) is the best way to ensure adequate iodine in the diet. More than half the table salt sold in the United States is iodized, and the use of such salt is mandatory in some countries. 

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