Growth hormone insulin resistance

These hormones cause few adverse reactions when administered as directed. Antibodies to somatropin may develop in a small number of patients, resulting in a failure to experience response to therapy, namely, failure of the drug to produce growth in the child. Some patients may experience hypothyroidism or insulin resistance Swelling, joint pain, and muscle pain may also occur. 

The production of both anabolic sex hormones and growth hormone decreases in aging and the result is muscle loss. Also the loss of neural motor cells gives rise to atrophy of the muscles. In the aging process an increased inflammatory activity can be seen and it causes degeneration of muscle tissue through insuline resistance and activation of protein breakdown enzymes. The increased inflammatory activity is due to both normal aging as well as the presence of multiple chronic diseases (Dutta 1997. 

Various hormonal agents (eg, glucocorticoids) lower the affinity of insulin receptors for insulin growth hormone in excess increases this affinity slightly. Aberrant serine and threonine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor subunits or IRS molecules may result in insulin resistance and functional receptor down-regulation. 

Hyperinsulinemia is common in recipients of somatropin, but the long-term effects are controversial. This issue is becoming increasingly important as more adult patients are treated and the duration of therapy is extended. Growth hormone deficiency is itself associated with insulin resistance (36). Plasma concentrations of glucose and hemoglobin Aic increase, especially in the first 6-12... 

Johansson JO, Fowelin J, Landin K, Lager I, Bengtsson BA. Growth hormone-deficient adults are insulin-resistant. Metabolism 1995 44(9) 1126-9. 

Jeffcoate W. Growth hormone therapy and its relationship to insulin resistance, glucose intolerance and diabetes mel-litus a review of recent evidence. Drug Saf 2002 25(3) 199-212. 

Saenger P. Assessing insulin resistance application of a fasting glucose to insulin ratio in growth hormone-treated children. Horm Res 2002 57(l-2) 37-42. 64. 

Growth hormone is one of the glucose counterregulatory hormones. It is released in response to hypoglycemia and has intrinsic hyperglycemic actions and causes insulin resistance. 

Cell membrane fluidity is determined by its hpid composition. The cell membrane is rendered more rigid if increased amounts of saturated fatty acids and cholesterol are incorporated into the membrane phospholipids. In contrast, increased incorporation of unsaturated fatty acids into the membrane will make it more fluid. This increase in membrane fluidity has been shown to increase the number of receptors and their affinity to their respective hormones or growth factors. For instance, an increase in the rigidity of the cell membrane reduces the number of insulin receptors and their affinity to insulin that, in turn, could cause insulin resistance. Alternatively, an increase in cell membrane fluidity because of an increase in the unsaturated fatty acid content in the membrane phosphohpids increases the number of insulin receptors and their affinity to insuhn and, thus, decreases insulin resistance (35 2). 

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