Growth fraction, definition

C = consumption rate (tonne year ) r - fractional growth rate (% year ) t = time. Chapter 3 Definition of Stress, Strain, Poisson s Ratio, Elastic Moduli... 

Secondly, fractionation effects have been studied [126] where now the components are the various molecular weights in the solution. They conclude that fractionation will be important even at high molecular weights due to the variation in supercooling of the different molecular weights, and hence their different growth rates. Notice that this result could well be affected by the definition of supercooling as described in Sect. 2.3. 

In order to express the importance of the ions to the growth process quantitatively, two related quantities can be defined the fraction of arriving ions per deposited atom, / , and the kinetic energy transferred by ions per deposited atom, Emd, - These quantities are used in ion-beam-assisted deposition in order to relate material properties to ion flux and energy [421]. Their definition is... 

In step-growth polymerization of bifunctional monomers, each molecule, whether monomer or polymer, carries two functional groups There are always half as many molecules as functional groups. Thus, when the number of unreacted groups has decreased to a fraction 1 —/F of the initial, the number of molecules has decreased to that same fraction of its initial. By virtue of its definition 10.15, the number-average degree of polymerization (monomer included in averaging) is the reciprocal of this fraction ... 

According to equation (4) the sum of moles of all organic product compounds is normalized to the value of 1.00. The mole fraction of one regarded compound "Fr." has then the meaning of the relative molar formation rate of compound "i". With the help of equation (3) it is easily transformed into the absolut formation rate of the compound. Taking into account the definition of equation (4) the kinetic model of chain growth is developed below on the basis of relative molar formation rates of compounds, the values of which are equal to the respective molar product fraction. 

Turning now to the kinetics of growth, we recall that the roughness of the interface is controlled by the parameter aLjkT. For the most densely packed planes of ice, the fraction a of bonds in the surface layer is f so that aLjkT is very close to the critical value 2 0 and nothing definite can be said about the roughness of the ice/water interface. The occurrence of dendritic forms and both smooth and faceted interfaces under different conditions is consistent with the transitional value of this parameter (Jackson, 1966). 

It has been found that about 15% of the total anodic dissolution current is consumed locally by hydrogen evolution in A1 pits and crevices [65, 66]. This means that the current measured at an applied potential is only a fraction of the true anodic dissolution current. Finally, the determination of pit growth kinetics at open circuit is a challenge, because by definition, no net current is passed at open circuit. 

It has been known for many years that an increase in molecular weight results in a decrease in growth rate for unfractionated polymers [12-15] however, definitive data is available for few commercially significant polymers. A thorough understanding of molecular weight effects requires a detailed evaluation of fractions. Few such smdies are available. 

Most historical medium formulations were supplemented with serum, tissue extracts, or other humoral fluids. As these supplements were vital to the success of the technique they undoubtedly supplied nutritional factors that were absent from the nutrient media. Although serum fractions have been characterized, total biochemical definition is a complex challenge, as it has been reported that serum contains more than 1000 proteins (Lambert and Birch, 1985). Complete characterization must identify cytokines and transport and attachment factors, as well as address other serum functions, such as pH buffering capacity, toxin inactivation, and protease activity. Such unspecified growth promotional and nutritional serum properties are perceived by users as quality. Other contributors to quality, inherent to serum supplementation, include lot-to-lot variability, availability, cost, and absence of adventitious contaminants. 

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