Group fundamental properties

Functional groups, 330,335 Fundamental property, 78 unit of electricity, 241 Furnace, electric arc, 404 Fusion, heat of, 68 pure substances, table, 69 Fusion, nuclear, 121, 419... 

The widespread use and applicability, however, can be directly attributed to the deep understanding of the fundamental properties associated with these elements and their attendant compounds. The fundamental research conducted with these elements forms the foundation upon which all applications and utility are built. The present Structure and Bonding volume is part of a three-part series focused on fundamental, biological, and applied aspects of the group 13 elements. It will showcase four new areas of fundamental work that will either grow in importance in the coming years, or provide new insight into potentially new areas. 

Tab. 2.6-1. Experimentally determined fundamental properties of group 15 elements and small elemental rings, cages and clusters E2 to E5. Values given in italics are less certain [6].

Hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity are the most fundamental properties to be controlled for materials whenever they are utilized in biomedical devices. Protein-adsorption behavior on several biomaterials of different hydrophilicity was discussed by comparing available data with two modellings (Ikada and Peppas) for the protein-adsorption process. The adsorptive behavior of poly(HEMA) carrying polyamine functional groups was also discussed. It is well-known that protein adsorption is the first event when any of the body fluids encounters an artificial material. 

The presence of two structurally dissimilar groups within a single molecule is the most fundamental characteristic of surfactants. The surface behavior (surface activity) of the surfactant molecule is determined by the makeup of the individual groups, solubility properties, relative size, and location within the surfactant molecule. 

Group VI biomarkers have the same fundamental properties as those in group IV, so they also share basic uses. But group VI has another important attribute toxicity information is available. It could be the dose-response relationship with the parent chemical in animals or in humans or the rela-... 

A large number of macromolecules possess a pronounced amphiphilicity in every repeat unit. Typical examples are synthetic polymers like poly(l-vinylimidazole), poly(JV-isopropylacrylamide), poly(2-ethyl acrylic acid), poly(styrene sulfonate), poly(4-vinylpyridine), methylcellulose, etc. Some of them are shown in Fig. 23. In each repeat unit of such polymers there are hydrophilic (polar) and hydrophobic (nonpolar) atomic groups, which have different affinity to water or other polar solvents. Also, many of the important biopolymers (proteins, polysaccharides, phospholipids) are typical amphiphiles. Moreover, among the synthetic polymers, polyamphiphiles are very close to biological macromolecules in nature and behavior. In principle, they may provide useful analogs of proteins and are important for modeling some fundamental properties and sophisticated functions of biopolymers such as protein folding and enzymatic activity. 

Carothers pioneering studies were also based on aliphatic polyesters and then culminated in laying the foundations for condensation and step-growth polymerization and in establishing a relationship between molar mass and extent of reaction and the stoichiometric imbalance of functional groups. Fundamental studies relating structure to properties were carried out using these polymers. 

The application of NMR spectroscopy to structure determination is broad however, in this section the group of studies that allow fundamental properties of the pyridine moiety, particularly electronic distribution, will be discussed. Application to other aspects, such as conformation and tautomerism, is discussed separately in those sections below. 

Transactinides are now known to form volatile halides and oxyhalides as do their lighter homologues in respective chemical groups. These were the first gas-phase compounds studied experimentally. Therefore, there was widespread interest in their electronic structures and fundamental properties... 

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