Group 15 elements heavy clusters

Several reviews have appeared describing metal-carbonyl complexes incorporating bismuth and the other heavy main group elements (see Cluster Compounds Inorganometallic... 

Mathematical cluster chemistry/Metal-metal interactions in transition metal clusters with donor ligands/Electron count versus structural arrangement in clusters based on a cubic transition metal core with bridging Main Group elements/Metalloboranes/ Clusters with interstitial atoms from the p-block How do Wade s rules handle them /Diverse naked clusters of the heavy Main Group elements Electronic regularities and analogies... 

Corbett JD (1997) Diverse Naked Clusters of the Heavy Main-Group Elements. Electronic Regularities and Analogies. 87 157-194... 

The main group duster chemistry discussed in this book can be considered to originate from two important, but apparently unrelated developments in inorganic chemistry in the 1930s. The first was the identification of the neutral boron hydrides by Stock [1]. The second was the observation by Zintl and co-workers [2-5] of anionic clusters formed from potentiometric titrations of post-transition metals (i.e., heavy main group elements) with sodium in liquid ammonia. 

Electron counting rules have been developed to explain the observed geometries of many cluster compounds (see Electronic Structure of Clusters). Interesting, heavy main group element-transition metal complexes tend to violate... 

K..4 Diverse naked clusters of the heavy main group elements electronic regularities and analogies... 

Dye. J.L. Electrides From ID Heisenberg chains to 2D pseudo-metals. Inorg. Chem. 1997, 36. 3816-3826. Corbett. J.D. Exploratory synthesis in the solid state. Endless wonders. Inorg. Chein. 2000. 39. 5178-5191. Corbett, J.D. Diverse naked clusters of the heavy main-group elements. Electronic regularities and analogies. Stmct. Bond. 1997, 87. 157- 193. 

Cooper SL (2001) Optical Spectroscopic Studies of Metal-Insulator Transitions in Perovskite-Related Oxides. 98 161-220 Cooper SR, Rawle SC (1990) Crown Thioether Chemistry. 72 1-72 Corbett JD (1997) Diverse Naked Clusters of the Heavy Main-Group Elements. Electronic Regularities and Analogies. 87 157-194 Corbin PS, see Zimmerman SC (2000) 96 63-94... 

Salt elimination reactions proved to be very effective for the synthesis of closo-heteroborates with the heavy elements of this group. Todd and co-workers prepared for the first time the lead, tin and germanium cluster dianions [EBnHn]2 as shown in Scheme 3.3-5 [17]. 

These methods, when applied to the downtown Phoenix aerosol sample, produced a satisfying range of particle types and left unasslgned only about MJ of the particles (Table I). The major particle type was quartz whldi accounted for 19> of the particles. Various alumino-silicate types were the next most abundant. Easily identifiable types included clusters rich in only one to three elements, including iron (7il), calciun Oil), calciun-silicon-lron (4H), calciun-sulfur (1J), lead OS), lead-chloride-bromide OS) and titanium (2S). The abundances of these particle types, indicated in parentheses, vary widely from site to site. Many particles rich in heavy metals were found in the unassigned group at this point. 

To determine the somce of heavy metals in sediments, mathematical statistics can be used to obtain the results except when it comes to the combination characteristics of elements. Factor analysis is employed to analyse the data of heavy metals in Bohai Bay sediment. Results showed that Cd, Zn, and As are seriously contaminated by human pollution. Pb, Cr, and Hg are partly contaminated by hmnans, while Cu, Fe, and Ni are from natural sources. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to estimate source of heavy metal contamination in Jiaozhou Bay sediments. Results showed that heavy metal contamination somces in this bay could be divided into three groups, such as industrial wastewater, degradation of organic matter, and erosion of rocks, respectively. The Q-cluster analysis indicated that the degree of pollution near the estuary was heavy, but was light far away from the estuary (Li Y et al., 2006). 

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