Group 14 Element Sulfides

Rare earth element doped alkaline earth sulfides are employed in luminescence-based devices like thin film electroluminescent displays [119,120] and devices for optical data storage [121]. Strontium sulfide, SrS, thin films have been prepared by atomic layer epitaxy from [Sr(tmhd)2] (tmhd 7) in the presence of HiS [122]. Additionally, solid sources have been employed in a comparable CVD approach [122b]. 

---

In the previous paragraph, it has been stated that minerals have the same structure but different compositions (phenomenon of isomorphism of minerals) while some minerals have the same composition but different structures (phenomenon of polymorphism of minerals). Mineral composition and structure are both important in studying and classifying minerals. The major class of minerals - based on composition and structure - include elements, sulfides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, oxides, phosphates, and silicates. The silicate class is especially important, because silicon makes up 95% of the minerals, by volume, in the Earth s crust. Mineral classes are divided into families on the basis of the chemicals in each mineral. Families, in turn, are made of groups of minerals that have a similar structure. Groups are further divided into species. 

The outline of binary, ternary, and quaternary sulfide systems with the VI-B group elements (e. g., Cr, Mo, W) is not claimed to be complete. However, it does represent the current status of research. 

An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals, or of a metal and a non-metal. Many minerals are natural alloys, being compounds of metals or a metal/ non-metal combination. Most of these fall into the native element, sulfide and sulfosalt mineral groups. 

Barthelmehs, K. L., G. V. Gibbs, and M. B. Boisen, Jr. (1990). Bond length and bonded radii variations in sulfide molecules and crystals containing main group elements a comparison with oxides. Amer. Mineral 74, 620-26. 

Main group element derivatives containing three or four ferrocenyl thiolate ligands are accessible from the corresponding element chlorides and Fc-SLi. Thus, the reaction of PCI3 with a suspension of 3 equivalents Fc-SLi in toluene — THF (3 1) leads to tris(ferrocenyl thiolato) phosphine, P(SFc)3 the oxide and sulfide, P(0)(SFc)3 and P(S)(SFc)3, are formed as side-products in addition to Fc-SS-Fc. The corresponding tris (ferrocenyl thiolato) element compounds As(SFc)3 and Sb(SFc)3 are also known the antimony derivative decomposes under the influence of either air or light [235]. 

Imides, lattice energies of, 196 Indenyl compounds, eighth-group elements and, 73,75 Intercalation, metal chlorides, graphite and, 254-259 metal oxides, graphite and, 260-262 metal sulfides, graphite and, 260-262 Intercalation compounds, graphite, comparative survey of, 263-264... 

JuvONEN R, Lakomaa T and Soikkeli L (2002) Determination of gold and platinum group elements in geological samples by ICP-MS after nickel sulfide fire assay difficulties encountered with different types ofigeological samples. Talanta 58 595—603. Kanematsu N, Kara M and Kada T (1980) Ree assay and mutagenicity studies on metal compounds. Mutat Res 77 109—116. 

Shazali 1, Van t Dack L, Gijbels R (1987) Determination of precious metals in ores and rocks by thermal neutron activation/y-spectrometry after preconcentration by nickel sulfide fire assay and coprecipitation with tellurium. Anal Chim Acta 196 49-58 Stembeck J, Sjodin A, Andreasson K (2002) Metal emissions from road traffic and the influence of resuspension—results from two tunnel studies. Atmos Env 36 4735-4744 Sun Y, Guan X, Du A (1998) Determination of platinum group elements by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry combined with nickel sulfide fire assay and tellurium coprecipitation. Spectrochim Acta B 53 1463-1467... 

In metals the valence shell is formed by the s or d band. The main-group elements with their s bands are typical electron donors and form strong bonds with electron acceptors such as sulfur or oxygen stable sulfides and oxides are formed. These metals are therefore not suitable as catalysts. In contrast the transition metals with their d bands are excellent catalysts. It is noteworthy that both hydrogenations and oxidations can be carried out with d-block elements. 

All of the chalcogens form chalcogenide 2 anions such as oxides, sulfides, selenides, and tellurides. Selenium is used in photocopiers, it makes the electrostatic charge on the paper that directs where the ink sticks. Polonium is the most unique element in this period since it is a metal. Keep reading to find out the important properties of oxygen and sulfur, two very important chalcogen group elements. 

---