Group delay

The demodulation algorithm is very simple the DSP multiplies the received signal by each carrier, and then filters the result using a FIR filter. This kind of digital filter is phase linear, (constant group delay important for the EC combinations). Other filters may be programmed, other demodulation algorithms may be used. 

Group delay (III.6) Group delay encodes information on the source position. This observable can be calibrated using reference stars or suitable metrology. It is used for high precision astrometry. 

A tandem enolate-arylation-allylic cyclisation, in which an essential z-butyldimethylsilyl ether protecting group delays the cyclisation step until the Pd-catalysed arylation is complete, enables 1-vinyl-l//-[2]benzopyrans 54 to be prepared from 2-bromobenzaldehyde (Scheme 32) <00CC1675>. 4-Substituted isochromans 55 are formed from aldehydes by a Pd-catalysed termolecular queuing cascade. The sequence involves cyclisation of an aryl iodide onto a proximate alkyne followed by an allene insertion. Transmetallation with indium then allows addition to the aldehyde (Scheme 33) . 

Therefore, the spectral phase v) and consequently the group delay GD(v) for each color controls the temporal shape of the pulse. These important relations are summed up in Figure 7.4. 

Note For this table, a microscope objective with a group delay dispersion corresponding to 4 ps/PHz was assumed. Simulations have been performed with the Lab2 software package. (Schmidt, B., Hacker, M., Stobrawa, G., and Feurer, T. 2007. LAB2-A virtual femtosecond laser. lab.ht // www.lab2.de.)... 

In Reference [43], the effect of pulse-shape has been also addressed by applying to a 30 fs pulse a quadratic phase chirp whose group delay dispersion is 630 fs, thereby stretching the pulse-duration to 120 fs. The dominant ro-vibrational states in this PD process by a 795nm laser are the Vj = 9, = 3 states (states with = 3... 

A paper by Mitchell and Chiao [18] reports some experimental evidence indicating the physical existence of negative group delays, but there are some challenges to the theoretical interpretation [19]. 

Alternatively, a lumped allpass filter can be designed by minimizing group delay,... 

Hankel norm, 453 differentiators, 431 equation error, 453 group delay error, 454 integrators, 431 phase error, 453 Finite differences, 424, 430 Finite impulse response (FIR) filter, 87, 101-102, 128... 

Figure 1. The combination of NaBH4 reduction of aromatic carbonyl groups and methylation of phenolic hydroxyl groups delays light-induced yellowing for 1.5 hours (data obtained from reference 13).

Figure 3.19. Absolute determination of 8 by in situ autocorrelation. Experiments were performed with a mode locked femtosecond Ti sapphire laser. A prism pair (PC) was used to compensate the group delay dispersion (GDD) of the microscope objective. A long-pass filter eliminates residual argon pump light and Ti sapphire fluorescence. After two sequential beam expanders (BE), the beam was approximately 25 mm in diameter, which was sufficient to overfill the back aperture (10-mm diameter) of the objective. A long-pass dichroic mirror (DC) with reflectivity separates fluorescence from excitation light. The incident power at the sample was measured by recollimating the transmitted beam onto a calibrated power meter. Fluorescence was detected by a photomultiplier tube and recorded as a function of the interferometer delay. (From Ref. [366] with permission of the Optical Society of America.)...

In the context of maternal health care, cultural factors can be paramount. The factors that determine whether a pregnant woman seeks prenatal care are complex. For example, among American black women in some localities, if a pregnancy is unwanted, prenatal care is considered undesirable. Also, lack of transportation often results in fewer prenatal-care visits.27 Even with free access to prenatal care, cultural factors determine how long women in various ethnic groups delay in making their first prenatal-care visit to an obstetric physician or clinic.28... 

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