Ground-breaking paper

In his ground-breaking paper on the photoelectric effect (Sect. 1.6), Einstein [15] noted that if light consists of discrete particles ( photons in today s vernacular), then each such particle should have a momentum that is inversely proportional to the wavelength (2). This relationship follows from the theory of relativity, which requires that a particle with energy E and velocity w have momentum Ewfc. A photon with energy hv and velocity c should, therefore, have momentum... 

In the ground-breaking scientific paper that presented their work, Menten and Michaelis also derived an important mathematical formula. This formula describes the rate at which enzymes break down their substrates. It correlates the speed of the enzyme reaction with the concentrations of the enzyme and the substrate. Called the Michaelis-Menten equation, it remains fundamental to our understanding of how enzymes catalyze reactions. 

The first example of a Diels-Alder reaction, the dimerization of tetrachlorocyclopenta-dienone, was observed in 1892 , and was further investigated in the next 20 ycars . but it took nearly 30 years until its importance was recognized by chemists in the 1920s. In 1928 the famous paper on the detailed description of synthetic and theoretical aspects of this reaction was published by Otto Diels and Kurt Alder , two German chemists. For their ground-breaking work, they ultimately were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1950. 

I have learned a lot from seminars, conferences, journals, papers and the books of others. All those whom I have cited in the text have their relevant works listed in the references at the end. I am especially indebted to Ted Lloyd and Walter Tye for their ground-breaking book Systematic Safety first published in 1982, and which remains an invaluable point of reference for anyone attempting to assess the safety of an aircraft system. I am grateful for the constructive criticism and tactful suggestions made by Woodhead Publishing s independent reviewers, as well as my airworthiness consultant friends Brian Perry (civil) and Jan Schutte (military) who provided invaluable comments, corrections, suggestions and improvements. It is my sincere hope that they will all approve of the final result. 

INORGANIC COMPLEXES. The cis-trans isomerization of a planar square form of a rt transition metal complex (e.g., of Pt " ) is known to be photochemically allowed and themrally forbidden [94]. It was found experimentally [95] to be an inhamolecular process, namely, to proceed without any bond-breaking step. Calculations show that the ground and the excited state touch along the reaction coordinate (see Fig. 12 in [96]). Although conical intersections were not mentioned in these papers, the present model appears to apply to these systems. 

For Sz=0 problems, where the ground state is a singlet state, the use of such a wave function appeared to give significantly lower energies than the orthodox symmetry-adapted solution in many problems, as illustrated below. Later on other types of symmetry breaking have been discovered and Fukutome [7] has given a systematics of the various HF instabilities in a fundamental paper. 

Like there always exists a vapor under the water, there are excitations on the ground of any condensate. They appear due to quantum and thermal fluctuations. In classical systems and also at not too small temperatures in quantum systems, quantum fluctuations are suppressed compared to thermal fluctuations. Excitations are produced and dissolved with the time passage, although the mean number of them is fixed at given temperature. Pairing fluctuations are associated with formation and breaking of excitations of a particular type, Cooper pairs out of the condensate. Fluctuation theory of phase transitions is a well developed field. In particular, ten thousands of papers in condensed matter physics are devoted to the study of pairing fluctuations. At this instant we refer to an excellent review of Larkin and Varlamov [15]. 

A paper has been published showing the use of the photoionization detector [26], Polyaromatic hydrocarbons are very sensitive using the photoionization detector and the levels detected did not break any new ground in terms of sensitivity. It did inspire HNS Systems (Newtown MA, USA), who market a photoionization detector, to try the detector with a capillary system, interfaced to a Lee Scientific 602 supercritical fluid chromatography (Lee Scientific, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA). 

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