Green structural applications

To get a glimpse of what kind of chemical system crystal engineers have studied over the recent years, the reader is encouraged to study some selected prospects [8, 27], books [7, 28] and reviews [29-31]. More special topics of crystal engineering, such as polymorphism, green chemistry applications, and structural networks are very nicely reviewed by Bernstein [32], Braga et al. [33] and Ohrstrom and Larsson [34]. 

Ventura P, Hode J. M., Desbois J., and Solal H., Combined FEM and Green s function analysis of periodic SAW structure, application to the calculation of reflection and scattering parameters, IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectrics Freq. Contr, 48, 1259-1274, 2001. 

The chapter demonstrates that in spite of the incompatibility between hydrophilic natural fibres and hydrophobic polymeric matrices, the properties of natural fibre composites can be enhanced through chemical modifications. The chemical treatments have therefore played a key role in the increased applications of natural fibre composites in the automotive sector. Recent work has also shown that if some of the drawbacks of natural fibres can be adequately addressed, these materials can easily replace glass fibres in many applications. The chapter has also shown that there have been attempts to use natural fibre composites in structural applications, an area which has been hitherto the reserve of synthetic fibres like glass and aramid. The use of polymer nanocomposites in applications of natural fibre-reinforced composites, though at infancy, may provide means to address these efficiencies. Evidence-based life-cycle assessment of natural fibre-reinforced composites is required to build confidence in the green composites applications in automotive sector. 

The strengthening of ceramics is of great importance for engineering applications, especially at elevated temperamres. Various production processes exist most are based on powder technology and various sintering techniques (after the preparation of a green structure), but fusion or molten processes are also possible, albeit rarely used. Whatever the production technique may be, the aim is to attain a high-density product with minimal flaws (pores, microcracks, etc.). 

As in the case of ramie fibers/SPC composites, these flax yarn reinforced composites have excellent mechanical properties comparable to steel. These green composites could also be used for indoor structural applications. 

Polarized light photomicrographs were taken of the green and calcined cokes, as well as their corresponding test graphites. The untreated extract cokes are characterized by very small amsotropic domains on the order of 3 microns or less. This type of optical structure is believed to be highly desirable for nuclear graphite applications. 

One-component systems are starting to be used for structural glulam and fingerjointing applications. The bond line reaches the necessary green strength... 

All ab initio applications of multiple scattering theory in dilute substitutional alloys rely on the one-to-one correspondence configuration. This holds both for the calculation of transition probabilities [7], represented by Eq. (7), and the electronic structure [8], represented by the Green s function equation [9]... 

Green DVS. Automated three-dimensional structure generation. In Martin YC and Willett P, editors, Designing bioactive molecules. Three-dimensional techniques and applications. Washington DC, American Chemical Society, 1998 47-71. 

Flanson GT, McAnaney TB, Park ES, Rendell ME, Yarbrough DK, Chu S, Xi L, Boxer SG, Montrose MH, Remington SJ (2002) Green fluorescent protein variants as ratiometric dual emission pH sensors. 1. Structural characterization and preliminary application. Biochemistry 41 15477-15488... 

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