Green fluorescent protein variants

Elsliger MA, Wachter RM, Hanson GT, Kallio K, Remington SJ (1999) Structural and spectral response of green fluorescent protein variants to changes in pH. Biochemistry 38 5296-5301... 

Shu X, Leiderman P, Gepshtein R, Smith NR, Kallio K, Huppert D, Remington S J (2007) An alternative excited-state proton transfer pathway in green fluorescent protein variant S205V. Protein Sci 16 2703-2710... 

Flanson GT, McAnaney TB, Park ES, Rendell ME, Yarbrough DK, Chu S, Xi L, Boxer SG, Montrose MH, Remington SJ (2002) Green fluorescent protein variants as ratiometric dual emission pH sensors. 1. Structural characterization and preliminary application. Biochemistry 41 15477-15488... 

Nifosi R, Ferrari A, Arcangeli C, Tozzini V, Pellegrini V, Beltram F (2003) Photoreversible dark state in a tristable green fluorescent protein variant. J Phys Chem B 107 1679-1684... 

Nifosi R, Tozzini V (2006) Cis-trans photoisomerization of the chromophore in the green fluorescent protein variant E(2)GFP a molecular dynamics study. Chem Phys 323 358-368... 

Abbyad P, Childs W, Shi X, Boxer SG (2007) Dynamic Stokes shift in green fluorescent protein variants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104 20189-20194... 

Shu X, Kallio K, Shi X, Abbyad P, Kanchanawong P, Childs W, Boxer SG, Remington SJ (2007) Ultrafast excited-state dynamics in the green fluorescent protein variant S65T/ H148D. 1. Mutagenesis and structural studies. Biochemistry 46 12005-12013... 

Romoser, V. A., Hinkle, P. M. and Persechini, A. (1997). Detection in living cells of Ca2+-dependent changes in the fluorescence emission of an indicator composed of two green fluorescent protein variants linked by a calmodulin-binding sequence. A new class of fluorescent indicators. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 13270-4. 

Cheng, L., Fu, J., Tsukamoto, A. and Hawley, R. G. (1996). Use of green fluorescent protein variants to monitor gene transfer and expression in mammalian cells. Nat. Biotechnol. 14,606-609. 

Spiess E, Bestvater F, Heckel-Pompey A, Toth K, Hacker M, Stobrawa G, Feurer T, Wotzlaw C, Berchner-Pfannschmidt U, Porwol T, Acker H (2005) Two-photon excitation and emission spectra of the green fluorescent protein variants ECFP, EGFP and EYFP. J Microsc 217 200-204... 

Rosenow, M. A., Huffman, H. A., Phail, M. E., and Wachter, R. M. (2004). The crystal structure of the Y66L variant of green fluorescent protein supports a cyclization-oxidation-dehydration mechanism for chromophore maturation. Biochemistry 43 4464 1472. 

Sniegowski JA, Lappe JW, Patel HN, Huffman HA, Wachter RM (2005) Base catalysis of chromophore formation in Arg96 and Glu222 variants of green fluorescent protein. J Biol Chem 280 26248-26255... 

Wachter RM, Elsliger MA, Kallio K, Hanson GT, Remington SJ (1998) Structural basis of spectral shifts in the yellow-emission variants of green fluorescent protein. Structure 6 1267-1277... 

A bright cyan-green fluorescent protein was isolated from Clavu-laria coral [86]. Since one of the intermediates displayed fast bleaching, a screen for more photostable variants was performed. The optimized monomeric variant was named teal fluorescent protein 1 (mTFPl). It has an excitation and emission maximum at 462 and 492 nm, respectively, so this protein is spectrally located in between CFP and GFP. With an extinction coefficient of 64,000 M 1 cm-1 and a quantum yield of 0.85 mTFPl is a very bright fluorescent protein. 

Yang, T. T., Sinai, P., Green, G., Kitts, P. A., Chen, Y. T., Lybarger, L., Chervenak, R., Patterson, G. H., Piston, D. W. and Kain, S. R. (1998). Improved fluorescence and dual color detection with enhanced blue and green variants of the green fluorescent protein. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 8212-6. 

Since about the mid-1990s, the green fluorescent protein (GFP), and its spectral variants [1] have become some of the most exciting molecules in microscopy, biochemistry, and cell biology (see Chapter 5). 

Chan FK-M, Siegel RM, Zacharias D, Swofford R, Holmes KL, et al. 2001. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer analysis of cell surface receptor interactions and signaling using spectral variants of the green fluorescent protein. Cytometry 44 361-368. 

Lansford, R., Bearman, G., and Fraser, S. E. 2001. Resolution of multiple green fluorescent protein color variants and dyes using two-photon microscopy and imaging spectroscopy. J. Biomed. Opt. 6(3) 311-18. 

Many variants of the two-hybrid system have been devised.d For example, a green fluorescent protein reporter can be used/ Because significant biological protein-protein interactions often require that three or more proteins interact,d hybrid systems involving more than two proteins have been developed. Two-hybrid systems for bacteria have also been devised.1" A virtue of the two-hybrid methods is that they work with undenatured, if not totally natural, proteins. This is in contrast to widely used methods that involve separation of denatured proteins on gels or columns. 

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