Green fluorescence protein sensor

Flanson GT, McAnaney TB, Park ES, Rendell ME, Yarbrough DK, Chu S, Xi L, Boxer SG, Montrose MH, Remington SJ (2002) Green fluorescent protein variants as ratiometric dual emission pH sensors. 1. Structural characterization and preliminary application. Biochemistry 41 15477-15488... 

Jayaraman, S., Haggie, P., Wachter, R. M., Remington, S. J. and Verkman, A. S. (2000). Mechanism and cellular applications of a green fluorescent protein-based halide sensor. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 6047-50. 

S. T. Hess, A.A. Heikal, W.W. Webb, Fluorescence photoconversion kinetics in novel green fluorescent protein pH-sensors (pHluorins). J. Phys. Chem. B 108, 10138-10148 (2004)... 

Indirect methods are based on the measurement of cellular activities and mostly detect viable cells. These methods often make use of standard online sensors, such as outgas analysis, pH, power input to stirrer, temperature input, or specific probes such as redox electrode or fluorescence sensors for the detection of NADH or green fluorescent protein (GFP), and subsequently apply calculations or simple models for the determination of biomass. 

Our retina has red, green, and blue cones which include rhodopsins as photoreceptors [6-8], Phytochromes are photo-sensors of green plants [9], Biological luminescences from fireflies [10] and some jellyfishes [11] are also beautiful activities of living organism. Recently, fluorescent proteins are routinely applied as molecular markers for gene expression in the field of molecular biology [12]. 

---