Greases active ingredients

The active ingredients in a shampoo play three fundamental roles. Some allow water to wash away the substances that make hair dirty. Others adhere to hair to impart a desirable feel and texture. The rest are emulsifiers that keep the mixture from separating into its components. To accomplish these effects, ingredients combine two types of interactions a strong attraction to water (hydrophilic) and an aversion to water (hydrophobic). It may seem that these properties are incompatible, but shampoos contain molecules that are designed to be simultaneously hydrophilic and hydrophobic. One example is sodium lauryl sulfate, our inset molecule. The ionic head of the molecule is hydrophilic, so it interacts attractively with water. The hydrocarbon tail is hydrophobic, so it interacts attractively with grease and dirt. Molecules of the shampoo associate with hydrophobic dirt particles to form hydrophilic clumps that dissolve in water and wash away. 

Commercially available drain cleaners such as Drano and Liquid-Plumr all contain sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as an active ingredient for dissolving grease J1-5 Crystal drain cleaners contain the solid form of sodium hydroxide, while liquid drain cleaners are strong solutions of dissolved sodium hydroxide. In addition,... 

We often clean away the grime and dirt in a kitchen with bleach, the active ingredient of which is the hypochlorite ion CIO-. The cleaning process we see by eye ( the bleaching reaction ) occurs between an aqueous solution of CIO- ion and coloured species stuck to the kitchen surfaces, which explains why the dirt or grease, etc., appears to vanish during the reaction. The reaction proceeds concurrently with colour loss in this example. 

Choose a solvent that can dissolve all active ingredients and soften grease to facilitate its removal. 

This step is essential in the manufacture of detergent active ingredients as it converts the sulfonic acids or sulfuric acid esters (products produced by processes I-M) into neutral surfactants. It is a potential source of some oil and grease, but occasional leaks and spills around the pump and valves are the only expected source of wastewater contamination. A process flow diagram is shown in Figure 14. 

The Clean Water Act lays the basis for technology based effluent standards of conventional pollutants such as Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), fecal coliform, oil and grease, pH, toxic pollutants, and non-conventional pollutants such as active pesticides, ingredients used in the pesticide manufacturing industry, etc. 

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