Graphite Raman spectra

Nitrophenyl groups covalently bonded to classy carbon and graphite surfaces have been detected and characterized by unenhanced Raman spectroscopy in combination with voltammetry and XPS [4.292]. Difference spectra from glassy carbon with and without nitrophenyl modification contained several Raman bands from the nitrophenyl group with a comparatively large signal-to-noise ratio (Fig. 4.58). Electrochemical modification of the adsorbed monolayer was observed spectrally, because this led to clear changes in the Raman spectrum. 

Similar results were found by Bacsa el al. [26] for cathode core material. Raman scattering spectra were reported by these authors for material shown in these figures, and these results are discussed below. Their HRTEM images showed that heating core material in air induces a clear reduction in the relative abundance of the carbon nanoparticles. The Raman spectrum of these nanoparticles would be expected to resemble an intermediate between a strongly disordered carbon black synthesized at 850°C (Fig. 2d) and that of carbon black graphitized in an inert atmosphere at 2820°C (Fig. 2c). As discussed above in section 2, the small particle size, as well as structural disorder in the small particles (dia. —200 A), activates the D-band Raman scattering near 1350 cm . ... 

Fig. 5 shows typical Raman spectrum for SWNTs, the Raman spectra of SWNTs have fingerprint features, which is quite different fi om those of graphite, MWNTk and amorphous carbon. 

Above the eutectic temperature in the iron-FcsC system (1130°C)12, growth of large graphite plates and flakes occurs from the liquid phase. Carbon precipitates in the form of highly ordered graphite crystals from molten iron supersaturated with carbon. The Raman spectrum for chlorination at 1200°C is shown in Fig. 2c. A very strong and narrow... 

F. Tuinstra, Raman spectrum of graphite, The Journal of Chemical Physics, 53 (1970) 1126. 

As a typical example, Figure 12.15 shows the Raman spectra of an unfilled ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (EPDM). The Raman spectra of pure MWNTs, pure CB and of a EPDM / MWNTs composite are also given. The D, G and G bands are respectively located at 1348, 1577 and 2684 cm-1 in the Raman spectrum of the multiwall carbon nanotubes. The Raman spectrum of pure carbon black (CB) remains dominated by the bands associated with the D and G modes at 1354 and 1589 cm1 respectively, even when the carbons do not have particular graphiting ordering (Figure 12.11). This fact has been widely discussed by Robertson (84) and Filik (85). Amorphous carbons are mixtures of sp3 (as in diamond) and sp2 (as in graphite) hybridised carbon. The it bonds formed by the sp2 carbons being more polarisable than the a bonds formed by the sp3 carbons, the authors conclude that the Raman spectrum is dominated by the sp2 sites. 

Figure 16 shows the Raman spectrum of a DLC film deposited by the IBAD technique. The Raman spectra for diamond like materials provide information on the sp bonding. The characteristic features of Raman spectra of diamond like materials consist of a graphite-like (G) peak and a disorder (D) peak in the regions 1500-1550 cm and 1330-1380 cm respectively. The relative intensities of the G and D peaks can be used to indicate qualitatively the concentration of graphite crystallites of... 

Fig. 5.7 Raman spectrum of SWNTs excited by 785-nm CW radiation. The observed peaks around 1,590, 1,300, and 260 cm correspond to the tangential graphite-like modes (G-band), the disorder-induced modes (D-band), and the radial breathing modes (RBM), respectively [27]...

Tuinstra F, Koenig JL (1970) Raman spectrum of graphite. J Chem Phys 53(3) 1126-1130... 

Nemanich RJ, Solin SA (1977) Observation of an anomalously sharp feature in the 2-nd order Raman spectrum of graphite. Solid State Commun 23(7) 417-420... 

Figure 9.6 shows typical Raman spectra of graphene and graphite. The Raman spectrum of graphene is dominated by two prominent features. The G band near 1,580 cm is due to the degenerate zone-center (F) optical phonon mode with E2g symmetry, which is found in most graphitic materials [13]. Because of the energy... 

The discussion in Sect. 4 of the Raman spectrum of bilayer and multilayer graphene is valid only for Bernal (AB) stacked graphene. Mechanically exfoliated graphene from crystalline graphite usually exhibits such characteristics. However, multilayer... 

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