Graphite electrode, advantages

Stripping analysis with inherent pre-concentration seems attractive to CFA, but until recently such a procedure appeared rather exceptional. It has been used in the automatic determination of heavy metals in water by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV12S) in a continuous flow cell with a mercury-covered graphite electrode, having the advantage that one can distinguish... 

CNT randomly dispersed composites Many soft and rigid composites of carbon nanotubes have been reported [17]. The first carbon-nanotube-modified electrode was made from a carbon-nanotube paste using bromoform as an organic binder (though other binders are currently used for the paste formation, i.e. mineral oil) [105]. In this first application, the electrochemistry of dopamine was proved and a reversible behavior was found to occur at low potentials with rates of electron transfer much faster than those observed for graphite electrodes. Carbon-nanotube paste electrodes share the advantages of the classical carbon paste electrode (CPE) such as the feasibility to incorporate different substances, low background current, chemical inertness and an easy renewal nature [106,107]. The added value with CNTs comes from the enhancement of the electron-transfer reactions due to the already discussed mechanisms. 

Both properties contributed to reducing the energy consumption in operating the cells. With mercury cells, there is the added advantage that the dimensional stability of the new anode eliminated the continual adjustment of electrode spacing that is necessary with graphite electrodes. 

The data, presented above confirm an obvious advantage of graphite electrode over platinum while synthesizing ohlorohydrines. In this case an ability of side electrochemical conversions of both initial and final products is almost absent. 

The RFS method makes use of the fact that carbon disc electrodes used in RDE spectrometers are porous and can be used as a filter to trap particles in oil samples. Early versions of the RFS fixture used standard disc electrodes with some success and acceptable sensitivity [5]. However, standard disc electrode geometry caused the process to be slow, and lack of manufacturing control of disc porosity resulted in poor repeatability. Due to its ease of use and inherent advantages, the RFS concept was recently revisited with the intent of further improving performance. The updated RFS technique uses custom ring-shaped graphite electrodes and a semi-automatic process to improve sensitivity and repeatability and to reduce sample preparation time. 

DNA, RNA, and protein-modified electrodes can be prepared using both carbon and mercury surfaces [283]. Stability of immobilization of NAs at HMDE and graphite electrodes is very good [270]. AdTSV has been widely applied to various kinds of NA and protein studies [13, 15, 249, 270, 281, 284, 285]. Compared with conventional voltammetry, AdTSV has many advantages that are mainly due to the separation of the biomacromolecule adsorption from the electrode processes. These advantages include (1) reduction of the sample volume to 3 to 10 microliters, (2) elimination of interferences by low molecular mass substances that are washed off in AdTSV, (3) adsorption of the biomacromolecule on the electrode from media not suitable for the conventional voltammetric analysis, (4) in studies... 

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