Graphite electrical conductivity

Weng, W., Chen, G., Wu, D., Chen, X., Lu, J., Wang, P., 2004. Fabrication and characterisation of nylon 6/foliated graphite electrically conducting nanocomposite. Journal of Polymer Science Part B Polymer Physics 42, 2842—2856. 

Zinc—bromine storage batteries (qv) are under development as load-leveling devices in electric utilities (64). Photovoltaic batteries have been made of selenium or boron doped with bromine. Graphite fibers and certain polymers can be made electrically conductive by being doped with bromine. Bromine is used in quartz—haUde light bulbs. Bromine is used to etch aluminum, copper, and semi-conductors. Bromine and its salts are known to recover gold and other precious metals from their ores. Bromine can be used to desulfurize fine coal (see Coal conversion processes). Table 5 shows estimates of the primary uses of bromine. 

Carbon electrodes are the normal choice for the link in the connection chain to deflver power to the arc tip. Graphite may be used in special apphcations, but the higher cost of graphite favors the use of carbon electrodes. Carbon possesses properties ideal to its appHcation as an electrode. These properties include no softening point, no melting point, electrical conductivity, strength increases with increasing temperature, resistivity drops as temperature increases, available in the size and purity desired, and cost effectiveness. 

Graphite properties conducive to successful electrolytic appHcation include high electrical conductivity, high degree of insolubiUty and operation at low voltage, high purity, low initial cost, easily machinable, and few limitations as to size and shape. 

The low cost, light weight, and exceUent electrical conductivity of graphite anodes have made this impressed current protection system valuable for cathodic protection of pipelines, storage vessels, process equipment, and also for weU casings both on- and offshore. 

Seehra, M. S., and Pavlovic, A. S., X-ray diffraction, thermal expansion, electrical conductivity, and optical microscopy studies of coal-derived graphites. Carbon, 1993, 31, 557 564. 

For SWCNT bundles [35], ID intercalation would occur between the CNTs columns as it is the case for jxilyacetylene. Intercalation either by acceptors (Fig. 6) or donors (Fig. 7) increases the electrical conductivity as expected, however the effect is less pronounced than in bulk graphite [34]. 

The physicochemical properties of carbonaceous materials can be altered in a predictable manner by different types of treatments. For example, heat treatment of soft carbons, depending on the temperature, leads to an increase in the crystallite parameters, La and Lc and a decrease in the d(0 0 2) spacing. Besides these physical changes in the carbon material, other properties such as the electrical conductivity and chemical reactivity are changed. A review of the electronic properties of graphite and other types of carbonaceous materials is presented by Spain [3],... 

A carbon rod is used as a current collector for the positive electrode in dry cells. It is made by heating an extruded mixture of carbon (petroleum coke, graphite) and pitch which serves as a binder. A heat treatment at temperatures of about 1100 °C is used to carbonize the pitch and to produce a solid structure with low resistance. For example, Takahashi [23] reported that heat treatment reduced the specific resistance from 1 Q cm to 3.6xlO"1Qcm and the density increased from 1.7 to 2.02 gem- 1. Fischer and Wissler [24] derived an experimental relationship [Eq. (1)] between the electrical conductivity, compaction pressure, and properties of graphite powder ... 

Graphite, the most important component of the lead of pencils, is a black, lustrous, electrically conducting solid that vaporizes at 1700°C. It consists of flat sheets of sp2 hybridized carbon atoms bonded covalently into hexagons like chicken wire (Fig. 5.22). There are also weak bonds between the sheets. In the commercially available forms of graphite, there are many impurity atoms trapped between the sheets these atoms weaken the already weak intersheet bonds and let... 

Graphite bisulfates are formed by heating graphite with a mixture of sulfuric and nitric acids. In the reaction, the graphite planes are partially oxidized. There is approximately one positive charge for every 24 carbon atoms, and the HS04 anions are distributed between the planes, (a) What effect is this oxidation likely to have on the electrical conductivity (b) What effect would you expect it to have on the x-ray diffraction pattern observed for this material Refer to Major Technique 3 on x-ray diffraction, which follows this set of exercises. 

We can understand the differences in properties between the carbon allotropes by comparing their structures. Graphite consists of planar sheets of sp2 hybridized carbon atoms in a hexagonal network (Fig. 14.29). Electrons are free to move from one carbon atom to another through a delocalized Tr-network formed by the overlap of unhybridized p-orbitals on each carbon atom. This network spreads across the entire plane. Because of the electron delocalization, graphite is a black, lustrous, electrically conducting solid indeed, graphite is used as an electrical conductor in industry and as electrodes in electrochemical cells and batteries. Its... 

Self-Test 14.10A Explain why graphite can conduct electricity but diamond cannot. 

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