Graphene morphology

From the above discussion, it is evident that the graphene morphology and its properties depend strongly on the synthesis method. Before discussion the electrochemical related aspects of graphene, the technological advances of graphene production will be presented. 

Compared to PAN and pitch-based carbon fiber, the morphology of VGCF is unique in that the graphene planes are more preferentially oriented around the axis... 

Apart from reactions with the electrolyte at the carbon surface, the irreversible specific charge is furthermore strongly affected by the possible co-intercalation of polar solvent molecules between the graphene layers of highly graphitic matrices [139]. This so-called "solvated intercalation reaction" depends (i) on the crystallinity and the morphology of the parent carbonaceous material, which will be discussed in Sec. 

E.M. Milner, N.T. Skipper, C.A. Howard, M.S.P. Shaffer, D.J. Buckley, K.A. Rahnejat, et al., Structure and morphology of charged graphene platelets in solution by small-angle neutron scattering, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 134 (2012) 8302-8305. 

M. Terrones, A. R. Botello-Mendez, J. Campos-Delgado, F. Lopez-Urfas, Y. I. Vega-Cantu, F. J. Rodrfguez-Macias, A. L. Elias, E. Munoz-Sandoval, A. G. Cano-Marquez, J.-C. Charlier, FI. Terrones, Graphene and graphite nanoribbons Morphology, properties, synthesis, defects and applications., Nano Today, vol. 5, pp. 351-372, 2010. 

Y. F. Huang, C. W. Lin, Facile synthesis and morphology control of graphene oxide/polyaniline nanocomposites via in-situ polymerization process, Polymer, vol. 53, pp. 2574-2582, 2012. 

According to Peled s model, the existence of an SEI constitutes the foundation on which lithium ion chemistry could operate reversibly. Therefore, an ideal SEI should meet the following requirements (1) electron transference number 4 = 0 (otherwise, electron tunneling would occur and enable continuous electrolyte decomposition), (2) high ion conductivity so that lithium ions can readily migrate to intercalate into or deintercalate from graphene layers, (3) uniform morphology and chemical composition for ho-... 

Materials should be characterized and described in as many details as possible, because the nanotube toxicity can depend on by-products of their synthesis as well as on their design. It would be desirable to provide at least information on their composition (including metals and heteroatoms, which are present in a quantity higher than 0.1%), detailed description of morphology, data on surface chemistry, crystallinity, and spatial organization of graphene planes ... 

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