Graphene-Based Nanostructures

Beijing 100084, People s Republic of China Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, 

Electrochemical Nanofabrication Principles and Applications (Second Edition) Edited by Di Wei 

Graphene Material Covalently Functional with Indolizine 

Raman spectra of IMG and RGO are shown in Fig. 9.1c. A weak peak at 1381 cm (D band] and sharp peak at 1595 cm (G band] for IMG, while 1360 cm (D band] and 1584 cm (G band] for RGO, were observed. The blueshifted G band of IMG compared with RGO is indicative of the severe disruption or disorder induced into the sp carbon lattice of graphene [22]. This phenomenon demonstrated that graphene has been chemically modified after RGO is treated with p5rridinium salt. 

The fluorescence spectra of IMG, RGO, indolizine, and a mixed solution of indolizine and IMG were shown in Fig. 9.4. We can observe the photoluminescence intensity of IMG was only 6.58% of that of indolizine under the same measurement condition, i.e., the photoluminescence intensity of IMG is quenched by a factor of 93.4% on indolizine, showing that efficient energy transfer occurs along the indolizine/graphene interface, as demonstrated by Raman spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations [29, 30]. It is known that fluorescence quenching refers to any process that decreases the fluorescence intensity of a sample 

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Dubois SM, Zanolli Z, Declerck X et al (2009) Electronic properties and quantum transport in Graphene-based nanostructures. Eur Phys J B 72 1-24... 

Yong V, Tour JM (2010) Theoretical efficiency of nanostructured graphene-based photo-voltaics. Small 6 313-318... 

The addition of a conductive secondary component can improve not only the CPs anticorrosion properties but also their electroactivity, by facilitating charge-transfer processes between the two components [60-66]. As conductive components, carbon-based nanostructures are the most used, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene. CNTs were introduced in PANI [60-68], PPy [69], PoPD [70]. It has to be highlighted the functionalisation of CNTs plays an important role in the preparation... 

Further examples of bicomponent materials based on carbon consist of doped fullerenes, CNTs, and graphene. The nature of these carbon-based nanostructures is significantly modified by the substitution of some carbon atoms with foreign metallic and non-metalhc atoms (Fig. 6.15). In addition, fullerenes and CNTs can host similar species inside their own structures. However, the effectiveness of these systems in electroanalysis is still poorly investigated [160, 161], despite their popularity in other scientific fields. 

Fig. 6.15 An example of doped carbon-based nanostructures graphene sheet doped with nitrogen atoms, (a) Possible chemical state of N atoms and (b) electrochemical response of doped and undoped graphene-modified electrodes in the presence of 5 mM H2O2 (Reproduced from Refs. [160] and [161] with the permission of American Chranical Society and Royal Society of Chemistry, respectively)...

Xuan Y, Wu YQ, Shen T, et al. Atomic-layer-deposited nanostructures for graphene-based nanoelectronics. Appl Phys Lett January 2008 92 013101-3. 

Carbon s ability to form more different types of (directional) bonds with many different elements has also led to the formation of nanostructures based partly or completely on carbon. The fullerenes, with Ceo being the most prominent example, the carbon nanotubes, and graphene are some examples of such systems. Synthesis, experimental studies of the properties, and theoretical calculations have all been applied to these carbon-based nanostructures and here we shall just briefly review some few, recent theoretical studies. 

Xuan, Y., Wu, Y.Q., Shen, T., Qi, M., Capano, M.A., Cooper, J.A., Ye, P.D., 2008. Atomic-layer-deposited nanostructures for graphene-based nanoelectronics. Applied Physics Letters 92, 013101. 

The attachment of MN4-MC on the surface of graphene-based materials for electroanalytical purposes has been carried out by means of noncovalent interactions, mainly n-n stacking, as well as by chemical linkages between the sheets and the macrocyclic complexes. The utilization of biological species, polymers, and nanostructures such as magnetic nanoparticles, quantum dots, metallic nanopaiti-cles, and CNTs has also been incorporated in the fabrication of MN4-MC functional hybrid materials applied in electroanalysis. Selected examples that illustrate such variety of possibilities, configurations, and detection strategies will be discussed next. 

Zhan Z, Zheng L, Pan Y, Sun G, Li L. Self-powered, visible light photodetector based on thermally reduced graphene oxide-ZnO(rGO-ZnO) hybrid nanostructure, J Mater. Chem. 

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