Graphene as a Heterogeneous Electrode Surface

The elegant design of experimental set-up by Li et al. [29] ensures that graphene is the only electrochemically active surface that is in contact with the 

Electrochemical experiments revealed a microelectrode response (steady-state current see Chap. 2) at both the graphene electrodes, with the effective area of the graphene electrode deduced from the following equation [29]  

The above reports are currently, at the time of writing this Handbook, the only two examples in the literature where individual graphene crystals have been electrochemically probed on the micro-scale and the reason as to why this is, is due to the large amount of effort that one has to undertake in order to perform such experiments. Clearly these are fundamental studies with the fabrication not scalable such that the most common approach to utilise graphene is to immobilise it 

In support of the above work it has been shown, using SECM to study correlations in monolayer and multilayer graphene electrodes grown via CVD, that in terms of these layered structures, single layer graphene exhibits the lowest electrochemical activity and that activity increases systematically when increasing the number of graphene layers, to a situation where the flakes are so active that the 

1 Surface Sensitivity at Inner- and Outer- Sphere Redox Probes 

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