Grape berry

Behavioral and Hormonal Chemicals. Sex pheromones, which attract pests to traps, are used effectively to control some insect pests, like the grape berry moth (46) and cabbage looper. With other Insect pests, sex pheromones have been effectively used to monitor the size of pest insect populations to determine when pesticide treatments should be made. 

A red wine was obtained from Carignan noir grapes Vitis vinifera) harvested in 1991 at the INRA-Pech Rouge Experimental Station. Mature grapes were stemmed and crushed before fermentation (7 days at 28 °C) in presence of total grape berry cell wall material. The insoluble material was finally eliminated by pressing, 5 g/hL SO2 was added and the obtained red wine stored at 12°C. 

Mathieu, S., N. Terrier et al. (2005). A carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase from Vitis vinifera L. Functional characterization and expression during grape berry development in relation to C13-norisoprenoid accumulation. J. Exp. Bot. 56(420) 2721-2731. 

Based on the composition of the C18 family of cutin monomers we postulated that oleic acid would be > hydroxy la ted first, followed by epoxidation of the double bond at C-9 followed by the hydrolytic cleavage of the oxirane to yield 9,10,18-trihydroxy acid. This postulate was experimentally verified by the demonstration of specific incorporation of exogenous 18-hydroxyoleic acid into 18-hydroxy-9,10-epoxy C18 acid in grape berry skin slices and apple fruit skin disks, and incorporation of exogenous labeled 18-hydroxy-9,10-epoxy C18 acid into 9,10,18-trihydroxy C18 acid of cutin in apple fruit skin slices [61]. 

Romero-Perez AI, Lamuela-Raventos RM, Andres-Lacueva C and Torre-Boronat MC. 2001. Method for the quantitative extraction of resveratrol and piceid isomers in grape berry skins. Effect of powdery mildew on the stilbene content. J Agric Food Chem 49(1) 210-215. 

Waterhouse AL and Lamuela-Raventos RM. 1994. The occurrence of piceid, a stilbene glucoside, in grape berries. Phytochemistry 37 571-573. 

Deluc L, Bogs J, Walker AR, Ferrier T, Decendit A, Merillon JM, Robinson SP and Barrieu F. 2008. The transcription factor VvMYB5b contributes to the regulation of anthocyanin and proanthocyanin biosynthesis in developing grape berries. Plant Physiol 147 2041-2053. 

Grimplet J, Deluc LG, Tillett RL, Wheatley MD, Schlauch KA, Cramer GR and Cushman JC. 2007. Tissue-specific mRNA expression profiling in grape berry tissues. BMC Genomics 8 187. 

G.E. Pereira, J-P. Gaudillere, C. Van Leeuwen, et al., H NMR and chemometrics to characterize mature grape berries in four wine-growing areas in Bordeaux, France, J. Agric. Food Chem., 53, 6382-6389 (2005). 

Boss, P.K., Davies, C., and Robinson, S.P., Analysis of the expression of anthocyanin pathway genes in developing Vitis vinifera L. cv. Shiraz grape berries and the implications for pathway regulation. Plant Physiol, 111, 1059, 1996. 

Esteban, M.A., Villanueva, M.J., and Lissarrague, J.R., Effect of irrigation on changes in the anthocyanin composition of the skin of cv Tempranillo ( Vitis vinifera L) grape berries during... 

Downey, M., Harvey, J., and Robinson, S., Synthesis of flavonols and expression of flavonol synthase genes in the developing grape berries of Shiraz and Chardonnay (Vitis vinifera L.). Aust. Grape Wine Res. 9, 110, 2003. 

Haselgrove, L. et al., Canopy microclimate and berry composiiton the effect of bunch exposure on the phenolic composition of Vitis vinifera L cv Shiraz grape berries. Aust. Grape Wine Res. 6, 141, 2000. 

El-Kereamy, A. et al., Exogenous ethylene stimulates the long term expression of genes related to the anthocyanin synthesis in grape berries. Physiol. Plant 119, 1, 2003. 

Formation of 2-AAP could be traced back to the plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid (lAA) [80], which is formed in the grape berry. The oxidative degra-... 

Hotrienol was found for the first time in Ho leaf oil as the S enantiomer [7], but has been found since then in many natural sources for instance, the R enantiomer was found in black tea and in green tea. The product can be used in many flavours, such as eldertlower, grape, berry and honey flavours. It can be prepared from linalool obtained from citrus oils or Chinese Ho oils, but most linalool is obtained by synthesis from isoprene from petrochemical sources. 

Considering the biotechnical sequence, it is possible to explain the presence of hydrocarbons in wine. To characterize a further step in the biotechnical sequence which bears a vital influence on the aroma events, an example from the many biochemical and chemical processes which take place in connection with the crushing and pressing of the grape berries is made. During crushing and at the moment of destruction... 

Yeasts and Bacteria. One of the purposes of adding S02 is to inactivate bacteria and wild yeast so that the fermentation may be conducted with a chosen desirable strain of yeasts. Fortunately the wild yeast and the bacteria on grape berries (frequently confused in the older literature with the wax-like bloom which is naturally present on some berries) are susceptible to inactivation by relatively low doses of S02. A clear field is thus available to the large inoculum of S02-tolerant pure culture yeast added by the enologist. 

This unit is composed of three separate procedures describing proanthocyanidin extraction from plant tissue (see Basic Protocol 1), purification (see Basic Protocol 2), and subsequent analysis by reversed-phase HPLC (see Basic Protocol 3). These protocols have been developed and used for analysis of grape skins, grape berries, and grape seeds. Without modification, wine, apples, and pears have also been analyzed using these procedures. 

A. a general guideline, and based upon grape tissue, 5 to 10 g of plant tissue is placed into a 250-ml Erlenmeyer flask with 100 ml of extraction solvent. To ensure adequate mixing, Erlenmeyer flasks should not be filled to more than 80% of capacity (i. e., 200 ml in a 250-ml Erlenmeyer flask). An approximate yield for this step is 1 to 2 mg of proanthocyanidin extraction per gram of grape berry weight. 

Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate [16974-11-1] CH3CH2CH=CH(CH2)8OOCCH3 grape berry moth, Paralobesia viteana (with (E)-isomer)... 

Bogs J, Downey MO, Harvey JS, Ashton AR, Tanner GJ, Robinson SP. 2005 Proanthocyanidin synthesis and expression of genes encoding leucoanthocyanidin reductase and anthocyanidin reductase in developing grape berries and grapevine leaves. Plant Physiol 139 652-663. 

Jeong ST, Goto-Yamamoto N, Kobayashic S, Esaka M. 2004. Effects of plant hormones and shading on the accumulation of anthocyanins and the expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in grape berry skins. Plant Sci 167 247-252. 

Mori K, Sugaya S, Gemma H. 2005. Decreased anthocyanin biosynthesis in grape berries grown under elevated night temperature condition. Sci Hort 105 319-330. 

Braidot E, Petrussa E, Bertolini A, Peresson C, Ermacora P, Loi N, Terdoslavich M, Passamonti S, Macri F, Vianello A. 2008. Evidence for a putative flavonoid translocator similar to mammalian bilitranslocase in grape berries (Vitis vinifera L.) during ripening. Planta 228 203-213. 

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