Gram-negative bacteria discussion

Activity against gram-positive bacteria = P gram-negative bacteria = N mycobacteria = M fungi = F tumors = T and viruses = V. Only peptides not discussed in the text of this article are given references. 

There have been recent studies on the importance of NO in modulating skin blood flow in both normal animals and in inflammatory models. Khan etiU. (1993), using laser-Doppler techniques, showed that the NOS inhibitor L-NAME inhibited rabbit ear blood flow. It was possible to do this chronically for up to 2 weeks using implanted osmotic pumps. Pons et id. (1993) also used laser Doppler to show that the vasodilator eflFect of LPS in rabbit skin, which mimics the efiect of Gram-negative bacteria, was likely to involve both i-NOS and IL-1. We have already discussed the damaging eflPects of neutrophils... 

Lipid A constitutes the covalently bound lipid component and the least variable component of LPS (25). It anchors LPS to the bacterial cell by hydrophobic and electrostatic forces and mediates or contributes to many of the functions and activities that LPS exerts in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. In the following sections, the primary structure of lipid A of different Gram-negative bacteria is described, together with some of its characteristic biological properties. Furthermore, this article describes some of the principal methods that have been used for the structural analysis of lipid A and discusses their merits and limitations. 

Many larger lipid carrier proteins are known. The 476-residue plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein is discussed briefly in Chapter 22. Plasma phospholipid transfer proteins are of similar size.t/U A 456-residue human phospholipid-binding protein interacts with the lipopolysaccharide of the surfaces of gram-negative bacteria (Fig. 8-30) and participates in the immune response to the bacteria. It has an elongated boomerang shape with two cavities, both of which bind a molecule of phosphatidylcholine. Other plasma lipid transfer proteins may have similar structures/... 

Mitochondria, Gram negative bacteria, and chloroplasts have double envelopes of membranes. As we discussed, their inner membranes are impermeable to ions and polar molecules other than those that are transported by specific... 

Helenius and Simmons (1975) discussed the solubilization of bacteria cell membranes with detergents or surfactants, and Nixdorff (1978) discussed the interaction of lipopolysaccharides with detergents and the possible role in the detergent resistance of the outer membranes of gram-negative bacteria. 

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