Gram-negative bacteria cell membrane

Polymyxin B Bacillus polymyxa Gram-negative bacteria Cell membrane... 

C. trachomatis possesses characteristics resembling both bacteria and viruses. Its major membrane is comparable to that of gram-negative bacteria, although it lacks a peptidoglycan cell wall and requires cellular components from the host for replication. Chlamydia transmission risk is thought to be less than that of gonorrhea. 

The surface structure of gram-negative bacteria (these are not stained by Gram s method and must be stained red with carbol fuchsin) is more diversified. It consists of an outer membrane whose main building unit is a lipopolysaccharide together with phospholipids and proteins. The actual cell... 

The high space-time yields are the result of a doubling time of only 30 min and its applicability for high cell-density cultures. However, it is hardly possible to excrete overexpressed proteins into cultivation media. In addition, accumulation of pyrogenic lipopoly-saccharides in its outer membrane (a distinctive feature of Gram-negative bacteria) make additional purification steps necessary if pharmaceutical proteins are produced by E. coli [29]. 

In Gram-negative bacteria the cell wall is only about 3 nm thick, and located in the extended periplasmatic space between the inner membrane (IM) and an additional outer membrane (OM). The lipid monolayer in the outer leaflet of the OM contains about 90% lipopolysaccharides (LPS). LPS consist of Lipid A and an oligosaccharide component, which is highly specific for individual bacterial species and phenotypes [108, 114]. 

In Gram-negative bacteria which are characterised by a rather complex cell envelope, the CM is also referred to as inner membrane to distinguish it from a second lipid bilayer, termed outer membrane (OM). The space between these two layers is called the periplasm (PP). In the periplasmic space, many proteins are found with a variety of functions. Some are involved in biosynthesis and/or export of cell wall components and surface structures (e.g. pili, flagellae,... 

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