Grafting to Method

More recently, the Diels Alder cycloaddition was used as a single-step strategy for attaching diene-capped polymers onto CNTs sidewalls through grafting to methods (see Section 3.3.1.6 for more details). Examples include attachment of furfuryl-functionalized polystyrene [35] and cyclopentadienyl-functionalized polymethyl methacrylate [36]. 

The Diels Alder pathway illustrated above belongs to what is called the grafting to method, which consists of attaching a defined polymer chain through transformation of an appropriate end group. 

The graft-to method of attaching dendrons numbers among the polymer-analogous synthetic strategies which start from a functionalised polymer backbone to which convergently preconstructed dendritic units of the desired generation can be fixed in a dense sequence (Fig. 2.16). 

Fig. 2.16 Synthesis of dendronised linear polymers by the graft-to method (schematic)...

The grafting to method was used to anchor polymer chains onto the surface of silica particles and silicon wafers (Scheme 1). The synthetic procedure starts with covalent grafting of GPS to the surface. A self-assembled monolayer of GPS on silicon wafer surfaces was prepared according to the procedure suggested by Luzinov [32], For this, Si wafers were immersed in a 1% GPS toluene solution for 15 h under dry Ar atmosphere (< 1 ppm H2O). After treatment, GPS modified wafers were washed 3 times in dry toluene under dry Ar atmosphere to avoid polymerisation of non-grafted GPS and precipitation of particles. Afterwards, the silanized wafers were washed 2 times with ethanol in ultrasonic bath for 5 min followed by drying with nitrogen flux. The thickness of the GPS layer was determined by null ellipsometiy. 

P2VP macroradicals were added to multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which was proved to be an effective grafting to method [26], In contrast to other methods of CNTs modification, the macroradical addition does not require any hard oxidative pre-treatment of the CNTs, which preserves their original size. Deposition of an amorphous shell at the surface of CNTs was confirmed by TEM observations. Figure 4a shows modified nanotubes with closed... 

Grafting To" Method. Step by Step Grafting of Two End-Functionalized Homopolymers... 

Figure 3. SPM topography images (2x2 microns) of three different islandlike PS brushes prepared by grafting-to method, effective ellipsometric thickness of PS layer 7.5M).5 nm.

Grafting to methods, using a preformed polymer able to react with co-reactive groups covalently bound to the surface... 

The grafting to method was used for the preparation of composites with the polymers containing reactive functional groups. One of the first examples of the grafting to approach was published by Fu et al in 2001. In this work, carboxylic acid groups on the nanotube surface were converted into acyl chlorides by refluxing the samples in thionyl chloride. Then the acyl chloride functionalised CNTs have been reacted with hydroxyl groups of dendritic PEG polymers via esterification reactions. 

The grafting to method was recently applied for the preparation of epoxy-polyamidoamine SWNT composites.In this case, carboxylic acid groups of oxidised nanotubes have been further functionalised using polyamido-amine generation-0 (PAMAM-0) dendrimer and then epoxy monomers. The... 

Adsorption of the polymer to the substrate or grafting to methods, such as reaction of the end groups of the ready-made polymers with the functional groups of the substrate. 

The grafting from method has an advantage over the grafting to method as a high density polymer brush interface is formed with a multifunctional polymer. 

Polymeric Membranes Surface Modification by Grafting to Method and Fabrication of Multilayered Assemblies... 

Fig. 1 Sjmthesis process for polymeric organic phase by one-step telomerization followed by immobilization onto silica through the terminal methoxysilyl group (grafting-to method).

NMR), and DSC measurements. The surface coverage of ATRP polymerized ODA, Sil-gf-ODA , was calculated on the basis of elemental analysis results according to our previously reported method.The grafting density of polymer chains on Sil-gf-ODA is 3.75 xmol/m which is significantly higher than that obtained from Sil-ODA prepared by the grafting-to method (2.63 p,mol/m ). ... 

In this entry, several kinds of comb-shaped polymers with highly ordered side chains have been introduced as attractive organic phases for RP-HPLC. Poly(octadecyl acrylate), ODA , is one of the simplest comb-shaped polymers, and its grafting for introduction onto silica surface is done by a one-step telomerization with 3-mercaptopropyl trimethoxysilane followed by immobilization with the terminal trimethoxysilyl group grafting-to method). The chromatographic results are summarized as follows ... 

---