Gradient rise time

If the detector settings require rise time order response time instead of time constant apply twice the value For gradient methods replace... 

RA value a calculated feature derived from Rise time divided by Amplitude , showing the reciprocal of gradient in AE signal waveforms, which is reported in msA. the RA values have been used to classify the type of cracks. 

The cis-trans isomerisation of retinal is concerned also in photochemical change in some bacteria where the membrane chromatophore is the protein bacteriorhodopsin. The chain of reactions following absorption of a photon has been studied by time-resolved laser flash spectrometry. The overall reaction has a half-life of about 10 ms, but there are several intermediate reactions with rise times of femtoseconds to milliseconds. In one of these a proton is transferred across bacteriorhodopsin this leads to an electrochemical proton-concentration gradient across the membrane, which is used by the bacterium as a driving force for ATP synthesis [57]. Since the structure of bacteriorhodopsin is known, it is a useful system for the study of membrane transport. 

Therefore, it was considered how more than two chromatographic factors, e.g. stationary phase, column temperature, gradient run time, solvent, gradient rise, etc., could be tested systematically in one experiment. With column thermostats, which were specifically developed for this purpose (Model H ELIOS, AnaConDa), a maximum of twelve columns and an arbitrary number of temperatures can be... 

Analytic teclmiques often use a time-dependent generalization of Landau-Ginzburg ffee-energy fiinctionals. The different universal dynamic behaviours have been classified by Hohenberg and Halperin [94]. In the simple example of a binary fluid (model B) the concentration difference can be used as an order parameter m.. A gradient in the local chemical potential p(r) = 8F/ m(r) gives rise to a current j... 

The temperature of pressing has also a noticeable effect [226,227] as it does influence the surface/core temperature gradient and has a direct influence on the temperature rise in the board core layer. In short, the higher the press temperature, the faster the heat conduction and the faster the development of the steam gradient across the wood mat. The press temperature will influence the steam front transfer time to the core layer. The higher the initial temperature, the faster the steam front enters the mat core. Increasing the press temperature will cause the maximum steam pressure peak to appear earlier but does not result in a higher core temperature. 

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