Graded glass composites

Graded porous glasses as limiting case of graded glass composites... 

Recycling is simplified if the material is free of contaminants. This requires as much separation as possible at the source. However, this process is complicated because many consumer items consist of more than one material. Furthermore, materials such as paper, steel, aluminum, glass, and plastic come in different grades and compositions. For example, some paper may be dyed or waxed. Window glass has a different composition than that commonly found in containers and must be kept separate. 

Ban, S., Hasegawa, J., Maruno, S., (1999), Fabrication and properties of functionally graded bioactive composites comprising hydroxyapatite containing glass coated titanium , Mat. Sci. Forum., 308-311, 350-355. 

FIGURE 5. Schematic diagram showing the in-situ processing method for the fabrication of graded alumina-glass composite. (Adapted from Ref. [38]). 

A multilayered glass composite concept has been considered for the safe recycling of hazardous waste containing sihcate phases [60]. in this concept, the use of layered and graded microstructures in multiphase glass-containing composites has two major objectives [60] ... 

First letter This describes the glass composition. Electrical grade, or E-glass, is the most common grade used for manufacturing materials for printed circuits. 

Glasses may be joined to metals and other glasses by fusion. Often, glass seals must be graded through several glass compositions from one material to another due to differences in their thermal coefficients of expansion. Ceramics may be metallized and then brazed to other ceramics or metals to form hermetic joints. A ceramic-based adhesive that it is possible to use to 150°C is Ceramabond 552 . The adhesive cirres at 120°C however, the cirred material tends to be porous. 

Composite-Based Laminates. Grade CEM-1 are laminates with continuous-filament glass cloth surfaces and a cellulose core, all with a flame-resistant epoxy resin binder. With good punching practice, sheets up to and including 2.4 mm (0.094 in.) in thickness may be punched at temperatures not less than 23°C (73°F). These laminates meet UL94 V-0 when tested in accordance with UL94. 

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