Government incentives

The market penetration of synthetic fuels from biomass and wastes in the United States depends on several basic factors, eg, demand, price, performance, competitive feedstock uses, government incentives, whether estabUshed fuel is replaced by a chemically identical fuel or a different product, and cost and availabiUty of other fuels such as oil and natural gas. Detailed analyses have been performed to predict the market penetration of biomass energy well into the twenty-first century. A range of from 3 to about 21 EJ seems to characterize the results of most of these studies. 

Kawase, Takeshi and Rubenstein, A. H., "Reactions of Japanese Industrial Managers to Government Incentives to Innovation - An Empirical Study", Transaction on Engineering Management (August 1977) 93-101. 

The cost of generating electricity from wind has fallen dramatically. In the 1980s, wind power generation cost as much as 30 cents per kilowatt-hour. Today, that cost has dropped closer to five cents to seven cents per hour, after factoring in tax credits and government incentives. The industry s goal today is to enhance wind technologies and systems to the point that wind is competitive without... 

Workable definitions of EOR and lOR are necessary not just for improved communication, but also to recoverable reserves booking, contract negotiations, government incentives, taxation, and regulatory authorities when looking at fiscal issues (Stosur et al., 2003). The following sections summarize the existing definitions used in the petroleum industry and then propose this book s definitions of EOR and lOR. 

Hydrogen production costs for transportation use will be significantly higher than current fossil fuel prices, but hydrogen from biomass has potential to become a competitive fuel with various government incentives and advances in technology. 

Two typologies of heat recovery are generally possible thermal and electric cogeneration is also a third, mixed opportunity. Since thermal heat recovery strictly depends on the use of heat, the thermo-dynamic rdated to it must be adapted and a general discussion cannot be easUy applied. Some parameters discussed here can also be useful for a discussion on thermal heat recovery. The increasing cost of electricity as well as often available government incentives drives increased focus on heat recovery with the aim of power generation. 

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