Goulden

Since Goulden and Miiien showed102 that dinitrogen tetroxide is slightly ionised according to the equilibrium... 

Goulden, M. L., Munger, J. W., Pan, S.-M., Daube, B. C. and Wofsy, S. C. (1996). Exchange of carbon dioxide by a deciduous forest Response to inter-armual climate variability. Science 271,1576-1578. 

Ramsay M, Baker P, Goulden C, Sharp C and Sondhi A (2001). Drug Misuse Declared in 2000 Results from the British Crime Survey (Home Office Research Study No. 224). HMSO, London. 

Cutter [122] used a selective hydride generation procedure as a basis for the differential determination of arsenic and selenium species in sediments. Goulden et al. [123] also discuss the determination of arsenic and selenium in sediments by atomic absorption spectrometry. 

Goulden et al. [123] have described a semi-automated system for the determination of arsenic and selenium by hydride generation-industrively coupled plasma atomic-emission spectrometry. Sediments are brought into a solution by fusion with sodium hydroxide. 

The optimal reaction conditions for the generation of the hydrides can be quite different for the various elements. The type of acid and its concentration in the sample solution often have a marked effect on sensitivity. Additional complications arise because many of the hydrideforming elements exist in two oxidation states which are not equally amenable to borohydride reduction. For example, potassium iodide is often used to pre-reduce AsV and SbV to the 3+ oxidation state for maximum sensitivity, but this can also cause reduction of Se IV to elemental selenium from which no hydride is formed. For this and other reasons Thompson et al. [132] found it necessary to develop a separate procedure for the determination of selenium in soils and sediments although arsenic, antimony and bismuth could be determined simultaneously [133]. A method for simultaneous determination of As III, Sb III and Se IV has been reported in which the problem of reduction of Se IV to Se O by potassium iodide was circumvented by adding the potassium iodide after the addition of sodium borohydride [134], Goulden et al. [123] have reported the simultaneous determination of arsenic, antimony, selenium, tin and bismuth, but it appears that in this case the generation of arsine and stibene occurs from the 5+ oxidation state. 

Fusion with sodium hydroxide, as described by Goulden et al. [123] but using porcelain or nickel crucibles. 

Foster GD, Gates PM, Foreman WT. 1993. Determination of dissolved-phase pesticides in surface water from the Yakima River Basin, Washington, using the goulden large-sample extractor and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Environ Sci Tech 27(9) 1911-1917. 

Figure S.2 shows a schematic diagram of the automatic hydride/vapour-generator system designed by P.S. Analytical. This has been widely used to determine hydrideforming elements, notably arsenic, selenium, bismuth, tellurium and antimony, in a wide range of sample types. To provide a wide range of analyses on a number of matrices the chemistry must be very well defined and consistent. Goulden and Brooksbank s automated continuous-flow system for the determination of selenium in waste water was improved by Dennis and Porter to lower the detection levels and increase relative precision [10, 11]. The system described by Stockwell [9] has been specifically developed in a commercial environment using the experience outlined by Dennis and Porter.

Sutcliffe-Goulden JL, O Doherty MJ, Bansal SS (2000) BioorgMed Chem Lett 10 1501... 

Goulden, C. Comotto, J Hendrickson, J., Jr. Hornig, L Johnson, K. In Aquatic Toxicology and Haaard Assessment Fifth Conference Pearson, J. Foster, R. Bishop, W., Eds. ASTM STP No. 766, American Society for Testing and Materials Philadelphia, 1982 pp. 139-60. 

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