Glycosyl phosphatidylinositol-anchored

Caro, L., Tettelin, H., Vossen, J., Ram, A., van den Ende, H., and Klis, F. (1997). In silico identification of glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchored plasma-membrane and cell wall proteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 13, 1477—1489. 

Figure 4-4. The domain organization of an integral, transmembrane protein as well as the mechanisms for interaction of proteins with membranes. The numbers illustrate the various ways by which proteins can associate with membranes I, multiple transmembrane domains formed of a-helices 2, a pore-forming structure composed of multiple transmembrane domains 3, a transmembrane protein with a single a-helical membrane-spanning domain 4, a protein bound to the membrane by insertion into the bilayer of a covalently attached fatty acid (from the inside) or 5, a glycosyl phosphatidylinositol anchor (from the outside) 6, a protein composed only of an extracellular domain and a membrane-embedded nonpolar tail 7, a peripheral membrane protein noncova-lently bound to an integral membrane protein.

Fig. 2. Lipid-modified proteins, (a) A glycosyl phosphatidylinositol-anchored protein (G, glucosamine M, mannose ...

Moller LB, Ploug M, Blasi F. Structural requirements for glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchor attachment in the cellular receptor for urokinase plasminogen activator. Eur J Biochem 1992 208(2) 493-500. 

Low, M.G., 1989, The glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol anchor of membrane proteins. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 988 427 454. 

Stohr, C., Schuler, F., and Tischner, R., 1995, Glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins exist in the plasma membranes of Chlorella Saccharophila (Kruger) Nadson Plasma-membrane-bound nitrate reductase as an example. Planta 196 284-287. 

Su B, Waneck GL, Flavell RA, Bothwell ALM. The glycosyl phosphatidylinositol anchor is critical for Ly-6A/E-mediated T 63. cell activation. J. Cell. Biol. 1991 112 377-384. 

There are also membrane proteins with extended P-chains through the bilayer, and channel proteins with their hydrophilic inner opening must also contain polar amino acid residues within the lipid bilayer. There is also a group of membrane proteins that are covalently bonded to bilayer lipids, including the glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol anchor [6]. These proteins are exposed on the membrane surface via a spacer arm consisting of an oligoglycan, and specific phospholipases can release the protein. 

Ferguson MAJ (1992) Chemical and enzymic analysis of glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol anchors. In Hooper NM, Turner AJ (eds) Lipid Modification of Proteins A Practical Approach. IRL Press, Oxford, p 191... 

W. J. Masterson, T. L. Doering, G. W. Hart, and P. T. Englund, A novel pathway for glycan assembly biosynthesis of the glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol anchor of the trypanosome variant surface glycoprotein, Cell., 56 (1989) 793-800. 

Y. S. Morita and P. T. Englund, Fatty acid remodeling of glycosyl phosphatidylinositol anchors in Trypanosoma brucei incorporation of fatty acids other than myristate, Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 115 (2001) 157-164. 

S., Koessler, J.L., Nieto, P.M., and Rademacher, T.W Inositolphosphoglycan mediators structurally related to glycosyl phosphatidylinositol anchors synthesis, stmcture and biological activity. Chem. Eur. J., 2000, 6, 3608-3621. 

S. Movahedi and N. Hooper, Insulin stimulates the release of the glycosyl phosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane dipeptidase from 3T3-L1 adipocytes through the action of a phospholipase C, Biochem. J., 1997, 326, 531-537. 

Glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol anchors structure, biosynthesis and function... 

Total synthesis of the glycosyl phosphatidylinositol anchor of Trypanosoma brucei has been achieved by Murakata and Ogawa (Scheme 6-4).The hexasaccharide core 353 additionally involving the myo-inositol residue at the one terminal, in which all glycosidic linkages are a was assembled by stepwise stereoselective a-... 

Chang, W.S., Serikawa, K., Allen, K. and Bentley, D. (1992) Disruption of pioneer growth cone guidance in vivo by removal of glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchored cell surface proteins. Development 114 507-519. 

I. A. Brewis, M. A. Ferguson, A. Mehlert, A. J. Turner N. M. Hooper. Structures of the glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol anchors of porcine and human renal membrane dipeptidase. Comprehensive structural studies on the porcine anchor and interspecies comparison of the glycan core structures. J Biol Chem, 1995, 270, 22946-22956. 

J. Vidugiriene A. K. Menon. Early lipid intermediates in glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol anchor assembly are synthesized in the ER and located in the cytoplasmic leaflet of the ER membrane bilayer. J Cell Biol, 1993, 121, 987-996. 

K. E. Coyne, A. Crisci D. M. Lublin. Construction of synthetic signals for glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol anchor attachment. Analysis of amino acid sequence requirements for anchoring. J Biol Chem, 1993, 268, 6689-6693. 

An S, Schmid FJ, Campbell BJ. Molecular cloning of sheep lung dipeptidase a glycosyl phosphatidylinositol-anchored ectoenzyme that converts leukotriene D4 to leukotriene E4. Biochim Biophys Acta 1994 1226 337-340. 

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