Glycine activity

FIGURE 3.8 Kainate and AMPA activate different current responses in the different classes of kainate and AMPA receptors (a) the AMPA receptor, GluRl (b) and (c) kainate receptors (d) glutamate + glycine activation of the NMDA receptor. The current response is characterized by a slow onset and offset compared to the kainate and AMPA receptors. 

There is now evidence that the mammalian central nervous system contains several dozen neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine, noradrenaline, dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), together with many more co-transmitters, which are mainly small peptides such as met-enkephalin and neuromodulators such as the prostaglandins. It is well established that any one nerve cell may be influenced by more than one of these transmitters at any time. If, for example, the inhibitory amino acids (GABA or glycine) activate a cell membrane then the activity of the membrane will be depressed, whereas if the excitatory amino acid glutamate activates the nerve membrane, activity will be increased. The final response of the nerve cell that receives all this information will thus depend on the balance between the various stimuli that impinge upon it. 

Yevenes GE, Peoples RW, Tapia JC, Parodi J, Soto X, Olate J, Aguayo LG (2003) Modulation of glycine-activated ion channel function by G-protein betagamma subunits. Nat Neurosci 6 819-24... 

Vidaver, G.A. (1964b). Some tests for the hypothesis that the sodium ion gradient furnishes the energy for glycine- active transport by pigeon red cells. Biochemistry 3, 803-808. 

Kondratskaya, E. L. Krishtal, O. A. Effects of Ginkgo hiloha extract constitutents on glycine-activated strychnine-sensitive receptors in hippocampal pyramidal neurons of the rat. Neurophysiology, 2002, 34 155-157. 

Dow Corning ACHfAZG. [Dow Coming] Aluminum or aluminum/zirco-nium chlmbydrates and glycines active ingredient in andperspirants. 

Clinical concentrations of inhalational anesthetics enhance the capacity of glycine to activate glycine-gated chloride channels (glycine receptors), which play an important role in inhibitory neurotransmission in the spinal cord and brainstem. Propofol, neurosteroids, and barbiturates also potentiate glycine-activated currents etomidate and ketamine do not. Subanesthetic concentrations of the inhalational anesthetics inhibit some classes of neuronal nicotinic ACh receptors these actions do not appear to mediate anesthetic immobilization but could mediate other components of anesthesia such as analgesia or amnesia. 

The delayed trapping experiments of an ester enolate in 10% cross-linked polystyrene, a benzyne in 2% cross-linked polystyrene, and a glycine active ester in 4% cross-linked polystyrene all gave lifetimes of about 1-10 minutes. Site isolation syntheses in tiie most common solvent-swollen polystyrene supports can be achieved if the reactive species is trapped quickly. More highly cross-Unked supports and poorly swelling solvents may give longer lifetimes of reactive intermediates, but no data are available. 

The reaction rate for the overall reaction 5-19 is determined by the sum of the rates of 5-17 and 5-18, where 5-18 represents the rate-controlling step. The Giammarco-Vetrocoke process uses a glycine activator, which increases the rate of absorption by providing an alternative reaction path for COj, forming glycine carbamate as shown by reaction 5-20 ... 

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