Glycin-betain

Paleg, L.G., Stewart, G.R. Bradbeer, J.W. (1984). Proline and glycine betaine influence protein solvation. Plant Physiology, 75, 974-8. 

Accumulation of compatible solutes (glycine betaine, proline and polyols such as mannitol, sorbitol and pinitol) occurs in many droughted plants and they act as cytoplasmic osmotica for osmotic adjustment. However, they may have other functions which include enhancing the stability of macromolecules and membranes (Paleg, Stewart Starr, 1985 Smirnoff Stewart, 1985 Chapter 7). 

The low solute potential isopopulation was selected by high glycine betaine concentration. 

The organic solutes shown to be related to stress adaptation include sugars, polyols, tertiary N compounds, amino acids and organic acids. Of particular note are compounds such as proline, glycine betaine and reducing... 

King GM (1984) Metabolism of trimethylamine, choline and glycine betaine by sulfate-reducing and metha-nogenic bacteria in marine sediments. Appl Environ Microbiol 48 719-725. 

Effect of water stress on susceptibility of barley to aphids. Barley seedlings were subjected to water stress. These plants accumulated among other compounds proline and glycine-betaine (Table IV). Also, the more stressed plants were the most susceptible to aphids. The cultivar used in this experiment lacked gramine. However, when a gramine-containing cultivar was used gramine concentration was not affected by water stress. 

To test if some stress compounds had beneficial effects on aphids proline, choline and glycine-betaine were incorporated into artificial diets. Proline and choline appeared to decrease survival of aphids, while glycine-betaine did not (Table V). Moreover, glycine-betaine caused a drastic increase in aphid reproduction. Thus, the increased susceptibility to aphids of water stressed plants may be partially due to the higher content of glycine-betaine. 

Table IV. Effect of Water Stress in Barley Plants on Proline and Glycine-Betaine Content and Susceptibility of Barley to SckizcLphli gtiamCnum...

Table V. Effects of Proline, Choline and Glycine-Betaine on SchizapluA gtutminum Feeding on Artificial Diets...

Biological assays were performed with 6 mM compound in the diet. The reproductive index of aphids fed with 12 mM of glycine-betaine was 5.1 after 72 h of feeding. Values shown are the average ( standard error) of three samples of ten aphids each. Reproduction studies were performed with five samples. 

A variety of compounds may accumulate in plants under water stress (18, 19). One of these compounds, glycine-betaine, increased reproduction rates of aphids in artificial diets. It is likely that the observed increased susceptibility of barley to aphids may be due to glycine-betaine accumulation in barley leaves. It is... 

Proline was quantified by the method of Bates eX aZ. (21). Glycine-betaine was quantified by the method of Grieve and Grattan (22). 

The structural similarity between arsenobetaine and glycine betaine suggested that arsenic may substitute for nitrogen in pathways of phospholipid biosynthesis and was the basis for a proposed biogenetic pathway for arsenobetaine (174). The proposed pathway begins with arsenic present as either arsenoethanolamine or arsenocholine. However, the origin of these two compounds is not discussed, and there has been no experimental evidence to support the hypothesis. 

Serum CKD Healthy subjects 28 patients 80 1H NMR Glucose, lactate, valine, alanine, glutamate, glycine, betaine, myoinositol, taurine, and glycerolphosphocholine (32)... 

The effect of glycine betaine was almost the same as that of glycine. 

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