Glucose from glycerol

H., Ma, X., and Wei, D. (2008) Production of glycerol from glucose by coexpressing glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and glycerol-3-phosphatase in Klebsiella pneumoniae. 

Other L-amino acids are manufactured much more economically ia thousands of tons per year ia Japan by simplified fermentations direcdy from glucose, ethanol, acetic acid, glycerol, or / -paraffin, by means of selected auxotrophic, regulatory, and analogue-resistant bacterial mutants (94,95). 

In industrial processes, 1,3-propanediol is used for the production of polyester fibers, polyurethanes and cydic compounds [85]. 1,3-Propanediol can be produced from glucose with the limiting step catalyzed by glycerol dehydratase. A metagenomic survey for glycerol hydratases from the environment resulted in seven positive clones, one of which displayed a level of catalytic efficiency and stability making it ideal for application in the produdion of 1,3-propanediol from glucose. 

Gluconeogenesis Formation of glucose from precursors other than carbohydrates (especially by the liver and kidney) using amino acids from proteins, glycerol from fats, or lactate produced by muscle during anaerobic glycolysis. 

Neuberg A process for increasing the yield of glycerol from the fermentation of glucose by adding sodium sulfite. 

Fatty acids are both stored in and exported from the liver as triglycerides. The carbon atoms for the glycerol backbone of triglycerides are also derived from glucose by a diversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate from glycolysis (Figures 6.16 and 6.17). 

The absolute pH range for the growth of most yeasts is 2.4-S.6 with the optimum being about 4.5 (Atkinson and Mavituna, 1983). The specific rate of ethanol production is very sensitive to pH values above 5 and at pH 6 it is only 50% of the maximum value (Jones and Greenfield, 1984). With increasing pH there is a reduction in the yield of ethanol from glucose and a rise in the yields of both glycerol and acetic acid. 

Glycerol for milk lipid synthesis is obtained in part from hydrolysed blood lipids (free glycerol and monoglycerides), partly from glucose and a little from free blood glycerol. Synthesis of triglycerides within the cell is catalysed by enzymes located on the endoplasmic reticulum, as shown in Figure 3.13. 

TRIVIAL NAME. The name applied by early chemists to a number of simple organic compounds, usually based on their sources or properties, e.g.. acetone and acetic acid, from Latin acetum (vinegar), urea from urine, glucose and glycerol from Greek g/vc+sweet). Such names remained in common use regardless of the systematic nomenclature later developed. 

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