Glycerol diesters

The phospholipid bilayer is the basic structure of all biological membranes. In addition to the phospholipids noted above a variety of others exist. Thus cardiolipin (in which a glycerol diester links two phosphatidates) is present in mitochondrial and bacterial membranes. Sphingosine is an amphipathic lipid having the structure ... 

The most common lipids in the human body are phospholipids and glycol-ipids, which are based on glycerol diesters (glycerides) or sphingosine amides (sphingosides Table 2.2.3). 

Cephalins Diglyceride ( = glycerol diester) Ethanolamine, serine 1 1... 

Chem. Descrip. Glycerol diester Ionic Nature Nonionic Uses Surfactant for w/o emulsions Features Lipophilic non-self-emulsilying Pmperties Yel. vise, liq. HLB 1.8 Glicepol GMO 20 [Oxiteno Mexico]... 

Esters. The mono- and diesters of glycerol and fatty acids occur naturally ia fats that have become partially hydrolyzed. The triglycerides are primary components of aaturaHy occurring fats and fatty oils. 

Teichoic acids (16) are bacterial polymers in which alditols, glycerol, or ribitol are joined through the primary hydroxyl groups via phosphate diester linkages. 

In different polysaccharides of the teichoic acid type, monosaccharides or oligosaccharides are connected by phosphoric diester linkages. Two examples are the capsular antigens from Neisseria meningitides type A (56) and Haemophilus influenzae type c (57), respectively. Glycerol phosphate... 

The other phospholipids that you may encounter are based on sphin-gosine. They are derived from serine instead of glycerol but the concept is the same. They have two long, fatty acid chains, a phosphate diester, and a choline-like charged group. This is a neutral lipid. 

The hydrophobic tail is provided by long-chain fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone. The head group contains oxygen and may be positively charged or neutral. The name of the phospholipid is dictated by the head group. The head and tail are attached through a phosphate diester. 

Esters for lubricant applications are divided into five groups monocarboxylic acid esters (monoesters), dicarboxylic acid esters (diesters), glycerol esters, polyol esters, and complex esters. 

Diacetals can be synthesized from bioethanol only and from bioethanol and glycerol (the co-product of the diester production) for the ether-type molecules, which could be even more interesting. 

Phospholipids containing phosphatidyl, inositol, lecithin, serine, and ethanolamine (Stevenson 1986) are the second most abundant identifiable form of organic P in the upper layer of the subsurface. These groups contain glycerol, fatty acids, and phosphate (Sims and Pierzjinski 2005). The P in the structure is a diester, which is more susceptible to degradation in soils than monoesters. 

Mainly two types of building blocks containing vicinal lipid chains have been developed these are based on diesters (10 and 11) or di-./V-(alkyl)amides (12) of the dicarboxylic amino acids, IV-dialkylamides of dicarboxylic acids (13 and 14), as well as on diesters of glycerol and related derivatives (15-21) (Scheme 14). 

Glycerol (propane-1,2,3-triol) is a very important structural part of the phospholipids, the major components of natural membrane bilayers. Based on this natural scaffold, diesters of glycerol and of related derivatives have been extensively used for the construction of synthetic building blocks carrying vicinal lipid chains (for examples, see Scheme 14). 

Labrasol/Labrafil/Transcutol (mixture of mono-, di-, and triglycerides with mono- and diesters of polyethylene glycerol and fatty acids and diethylene glycol monoethyl ether)... 

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