Glutathionylation

Manevich, Y., Feinstein, S.I., and Fisher, A.B. (2004) Activation of the antioxidant enzyme 1-CYS perox-iredoxin requires glutathionylation mediated by heterodimerization with GST. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 3780-3785. 

Lange, R.W. et al., Intracellular S-glutathionyl adducts in murine lung and human bron-choepithelial cells after exposure to diisocyanatotoluene, Chem. Res. Toxicol., 12, 931, 1999. 

Shinina M.E., Carlini P, Polticelli F., Zappacosta F., Bossa F., and Calabrese L. (1996), Amino acid sequence of chicken Cu, Zn-containing superoxide dismutase and identification of glutathionyl adducts at exposed cysteine residues, Eur. J. Biochem. 237(2), 433-439. 

Salgues, M., Cheynier, V., and Gunata, Z., Oxidation of grape juice 2-5-glutathionyl caffeoyl tartaric acid by Botrytis cinerea laccase and characterization of a new substance 2,5 di-5-glutathionyl caffeoyl tartaric acid. J. Food Sci. 5, 1191, 1986. 

Accordingly, the conformer with the bulky axial SR substituent is preferred in 9-glutathionyl-9,10-dihydrophenanthren-10-ol isomers75. 

Nirofuran compounds are also effective anti-parasitic drugs. Nifurtimox, for example, is used to treat Chagas disease (caused by Trypansoma cruzi) but has side effects. In exploring the use of alternatives to nifurtimox, Olea-Azar et al. have examined radical formation from two analogues. Radical anions were observed upon electrolytic reduction of the compounds and a nitroxide, believed to be the glutathionyl radical-adduct, was detected upon electrolysis in the presence of DMPO and GSH. Radical adducts were also detected upon incubation of one of the analogues with microsomes from T. Cruzi.m A novel endo-peroxide reductase has been isolated from T. Cruzi. Whereas the flavoenzyme was found to reduce quinones to their semiquinones, nifurtimox underwent a direct, two-electron reduction, without the formation of radicals.129... 

Biroccio A, Urbani A, Massoud R, di Ilio C, Sacchetta P, Bernardini S, Cortese C, Federici G (2005) A quantitative method for the analysis of glycated and glutathionylated hemoglobin by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem Jan 336 279-288... 

Foureman, GL. Reed, D.J. (1987) Formation of 5-[2-(V7-guanyl)ethyl] adducts by the postulated 5 -(2-chloroethyl)cysteinyl and S-(2-chloroethyl)glutathionyl conjugates of 1,2-dichloroethane. Biochemistry, 26, 2028-2033... 

SG, glutathionyl I, A-acet l-S-(2-liydroxypropyl)-L-cysteine II, 7V-acetyl-S-(2-oxopropyl)-L-cysteine III, A -acet l-S-( 1 -carboxyetliy l)-L-cysteiiie From Bartels and Timchalk (1990)... 

The main products obtained from the reaction between adreno-chrome (1) and glutathione have been shown to result from the 1,4-addition of glutathione to the C-5 unsaturated carbonyl systems in 1 involving the C6-C7 and the C4-C9 double bonds and are probably [Pg.288]

Abbreviations CDNB, l-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene GSH, glutathione GS-DNB, l-(S-glutathionyl)-2,4-dinitrobenzene GST, glutathione-S-transferase NBD-C1, 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-l,3-diazole EA, ethacrynic acid. 

The reaction of intracellular glutathione with benzene oxide-oxepin, the initial metabolite of benzene, is presumed to give l-(6 -glutathionyl)-cyclohexa-3,5-dien-2-ol, which undergoes dehydration to J-phenylglutathione, the precursor of J-phenylmercapturic acid. To validate the proposed route to J-phenylglutathione, reactions of benzene... 

Recent studies have shown increased glutathionylation of specific proteins in AD patients compared with control subjects [Newman et al., 2007], The exact function of this reversible oxidative modification is unknown. Further studies investigating the specific in vivo effects of. S -glutathionylation in oxidative stress are important to determining the role of S -glutathionylation in the AD brain and neurodegenerative disorders. 

Borges CR, Geddes T, Watson JT, Kuhn DM. 2002. Dopamine biosynthesis is regulated by S-glutathionylation. Potential mechanism of tyrosine hydroxylast inhibition during oxidative stress. J Biol Chem 277 48295 -8302. 

Gallogly MM, Mieyal JJ. 2007. Mechanisms of reversible protein glutathionylation in redox signaling and oxidative stress. Curr Opin Pharmacol 7 381-391. 

Giustarini D, Milzani A, Aldini G, Carini M, Rossi R, Dalle-Donne I. 2005. S-nitrosation versus S-glutathionylation of protein sulfhydryl groups by S-nitroso-glutathione. Antioxid Redox Signal 7 930-939. 

Giustarini D, Rossi R, Milzani A, Colombo R, Dalle-Donne 1.2004. S-glutathionylation From redox regulation of protein functions to human diseases. J Cell Mol Med 8 201-212. 

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