Glutamic acid action

An estimation of the amount of amino acid production and the production methods are shown ia Table 11. About 340,000 t/yr of L-glutamic acid, principally as its monosodium salt, are manufactured ia the world, about 85% ia the Asian area. The demand for DL-methionine and L-lysiae as feed supplements varies considerably depending on such factors as the soybean harvest ia the United States and the anchovy catch ia Pern. Because of the actions of D-amiao acid oxidase and i.-amino acid transamiaase ia the animal body (156), the D-form of methionine is as equally nutritive as the L-form, so that DL-methionine which is iaexpensively produced by chemical synthesis is primarily used as a feed supplement. In the United States the methionine hydroxy analogue is partially used ia place of methionine. The consumption of L-lysiae has iacreased ia recent years. The world consumption tripled from 35,000 t ia 1982 to 100,000 t ia 1987 (214). Current world consumption of L-tryptophan and i.-threonine are several tens to hundreds of tons. The demand for L-phenylalanine as the raw material for the synthesis of aspartame has been increasing markedly. 

If a substance is to be a NT it should be possible to demonstrate appropriate enzymes for its synthesis from a precursor at its site of action, although peptides are transported to their sites of location and action after synthesis in the axon or distal neuronal cell body. The specificity of any enzyme system must also be established, especially if they are to be modified to manipulate the levels of a particular NT, or used as markers for it. Thus choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) may be taken as indicative of ACh and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) of GABA but some of the synthesising enzymes for the monoamines lack such specificity. 

R=Me or COOEt) failed.2-Amino-4-phosphonobutanoic acid, the phosphonic acid analogue of glutamic acid, has been obtained in resolved forms by the action of papain, followed by aniline, on 2-benzoylamino-4-(diethoxyphosphinyl)butanoic acid when anilide occurs preferentially for the L- compound. Enantiomers of 4-amino-4-phosphonobutanoic acid were obtained by resolution... 

Such enzymes catalyse the condensation of specific compounds, accompanied by the breakdown of a pyrophosphate bond in adenosine triphosphate (10.64). Adenosine is the condensation product of a pentose (D-ribofuranose) and a purine (adenine). Scheme 10.15 shows the action of glutamine synthetase on a mixture of L-glutamic acid (10.65) and... 

Symington SB, Frisbie RK, Kim HJ, Clark JM (2007) Mutation of threonine 422 to glutamic acid mimics the phosphorylation state and alters the action of deltamethrin on Cav2.2. Pestic Biochem Physiol 88 312-320... 

Mansour, M., Thaller, S., andKorte, F. Action of sunlight on parathion. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, 30(3) 358-364,1983. Manzurola, E. and Apelblat, A. Solubilities of L-glutamic acid, 3-nitrobenzoic acid, p-toluic acid, calcium-L-lactate, calcium gluconate, magnesium-DL-aspartate, and magnesium-L-lactate in water, J. Chem. Thermodyn., 34 (7) 1127-1136, 2002. Maraqa, M.A., Zhao, X., Wallace, R.B., and Voice, T.C. Retardation coefficients of nonionic organic compounds determined by batch and column techniques. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 62(1) 142-152, 1998. 

WARNING Chemo agent handle w/ caution Uses Hodgkin Dz NHLs, mycosis fungoides, CAs (testis, renal cell, breast, NSCLC), AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma, choriocarcinoma, histiocytosis Action X Microtubule assembly Dose 0.1-0.5 mg/kg/wk (4-20 mg/m ) X in hepatic failure Caution [D, ] Contra IT use Disp Inj SE i BM (esp leukopenia), NA, constipation, neurotox, alopecia, rash, myalgia, tumor pain Interactions T Effects W/ erythromycin, itraconazole X effects W/ glutamic acid, tryptophan X effects OF phenytoin EMS T Risk of... 

Ketamine and also tiletamine are structurally and pharmacologically related to phencyclidine. Its mechanism of action is not well understood. It has been suggested that it blocks the membrane effects of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamic acid. Ketamine produces dissociative anesthesia, which means that the patient seems to be awake but there are no responses to sensory stimuli. Ketamine, which can be administered IV or IM, has strong analgesic activity. It is especially indicated for interventions of short duration without any need for skeletal... 

Thalidomide (Thalomid) is a derivative of glutamic acid that is chemically related to glutethimide. It exerts a number of biological effects as an immunosuppressive, antiinflammatory, and antiangiogenic agent, yet its mechanisms of action have not been fuUy elucidated. Thalidomide potently inhibits production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) a and interleukin (IL) 12, and its effect on these and other cytokines may account for some of its clinical effects. 

The only antimalarial drugs whose mechanisms of action are reasonably well understood are the drugs that inhibit the parasite s ability to synthesize folic acid. Parasites cannot use preformed folic acid and therefore must synthesize this compound from the following precursors obtained from their host p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), pteridine, and glutamic acid. The dihydrofolic acid formed from these precursors must then be hydrogenated to form tetrahydrofoUc acid. The latter compound is the coenzyme that acts as an acceptor of a variety of one-carbon units. The transfer of one-carbon units is important in the synthesis of the pyrimidines and purines, which are essential in nucleic acid synthesis. 

Another common crosslink is an amide formed between the y-carboxyl group of a glutamic acid side chain and an amino group from a lysine residue.307 This isopeptide linkage is formed from a residue of gluta-mine through the action of the enzyme transglutaminase (Eq. 2-23). Isopeptide crosslinks are found in hair, skin, connective tissue, and blood clots. 

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