Glutamate-Mediated Oxidative Stress in Brain

The chemical reactivity of ROS varies from the very toxic hydroxyl [ OH-] to the less reactive superoxide radical [O2-]. H2O2, althoughless reactive thanO-2, is more highly diffusible and can cross the plasma membrane. ROS inactivates membrane proteins and DNA (Berlett and Stadtman, 1997). Various processes generate ROS both extracellularly and intracellularly. ROS can directly oxidize and damage 

7 Mechanisms of Neural Injury Caused by Glutamate and Its Receptors 

Lipids Peroxidation of fatty acids, decrease in neural membrane fluidity, permeability, microviscosity, and activities of membrane-bound enzymes (Farooqui and Horrocks, 2007) 

Proteins Oxidation of SH groups, chemical cross-linking of membrane proteins and lipids, and inhibition of enzymic activities (Farooqui and Horrocks, 2007) 

Nucleic acids DNA strand scission, consumption of NAD and impairments in ATP synthesis, and generation of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (Farooqui and Horrocks, 2007) 

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