Proline from glutamate

The mechanism of interaction of amino acids at solid/ aqueous solution interfaces has been investigated through adsorption and electrokinetic measurements. Isotherms for the adsorption of glutamic acid, proline and lysine from aqueous solutions at the surface of rutile are quite different from those on hydroxyapatite. To delineate the role of the electrical double layer in adsorption behavior, electrophoretic mobilities were measured as a function of pH and amino acid concentrations. Mechanisms for interaction of these surfactants with rutile and hydroxyapatite are proposed, taking into consideration the structure of the amino acid ions, solution chemistry and the electrical aspects of adsorption. 

S ATP 4- L-glutamate <2, 4, 5> (<2> the enzyme catalyzes the first step in the pathway from glutamate to proline [2,3] <2> enzyme is involved in biosynthesis of proline [4] <4> enzyme form GKl is involved in biosynthesis of L-Pro, enzyme form GK 2 is involved in biosynthesis of glutamine and the function of enzyme form GK 3 has not been found [6] <4> enzyme GK 1 is the first enzyme of the proline biosynthetic pathway... 

Arginine and histidine contain five adjacent carbons and a sixth carbon attached through a nitrogen atom. The catabolic conversion of these amino acids to glutamate is therefore slightly more complex than the path from proline or glutamine (Fig. 18-26). Arginine is... 

Figure 24-9 Biosynthesis of glutamate, glutamine, proline, and lysine from 2-oxoglutarate.

Polypeptides undergo a conformational change from helix to random coil when the solvent composition, pH or temperature is varied. Adsorption of polypeptides such as poly(/3-benzyl-L-glutamate), poly-proline, and polyhydroxyproline on glass was studied... 

Glucose may be converted to pyruvate, which forms both oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA, which condense, forming citrate. Citrate forms isocitrate and then a-ketoglutarate, from which glutamate, glutamine, proline, and arginine can be produced. 

The ac" C nucleoside is found at the wobble position of methionine tRNA from E. coli as well as glutamine, glutamate, lysine, proline, and serine tRNAs in archaea. Kawai et al showed that ac" C strongly favors the 3 -endo conformation, and that this conformational preference is reinforced by simultaneous 2 -OMe to form the ac Cm nucleoside found in tRNAs from hyperthermophilic archaea. The presence of N-acetylated cytidine in organisms growing above 100 °C is somewhat remarkable given the hydrolytic lability of this functionality. In light of the dramatic effects that ac" and f modifications have on the cytidine conformational preference, these modifications could have applications for RNA duplex stabilization similar to that shown recently for s U. ... 

However, chlorophyll and heme are not derived from proline. Instead, part of the porphyrin ring of these alkaloids is derived from glutamic acid or glycine these alkaloids are described in Chapter 12 (Section 12.1). 

T. a. for therapeutic purposes are derived almost entirely from plant sources. The tropane ring is derived biosynthetically from compounds of the glutamic acid/proline/ornithine group, via an iV-methylpyrro-line cation which condenses with acetoacetic acid to form ketones (of the tropinone type). Following reduction of the ketone function, the resulting amino alcohol becomes esterified with an appropriate aromatic acid (ecgonine is esterified with benzoic acid, with additional methylation of the 2-carboxyl function to form cocaine tropine is esterified with tropic acid to form hyoscyamine, which can be further epox-idized to scopolamine). See Fig. 2. 

In biochemistry there are two ways to hydrogenate or to dehydrogenate. In one reaction path, an H ion is transferred from NADH or NADPH to the substrate molecule that is to be reduced and the additional hydrogen atom is added as a proton. Such a step occurs, for instance, in the reduction of glutamate to proline. Cations such as Zn + or Mg + play a role in enzymes catalyzing such reactious. 

Glutamic acid as an intermediate is formed from proline by the action of the cyclophorase system in the absence of AMP and Mg++. Under these conditions the oxidation is incomplete, and its accumulation was demonstrated by tests with the glutamic acid decarboxylase of E. coli, and by the action of chloramine-T, which yielded an equivalent amount of succinic acid. In addition to glutamic acid, a bisulfite-binding intermediate is produced in about equal amount, which may be glutamic semialdehyde. 

Pearl contains mostly calcium carbonate, ranging from ca. 81-95%, depending on source species, natural or cultured. It also contains ca. 6-13% organic substances that include 16 amino acids (leucine, methionine, alanine, phenylalanine, glycine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, proline, serine, etc.) and a small amount of taurine numerous trace minerals, and so on. (hu jiangsu national). ... 

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