Glucuronic acid normal urine

Following oral administration 7-22% of alitame is unabsorbed and excreted in the feces. The remaining amount is hydrolyzed to aspartic acid and alanine amide. The aspartic acid is metabolized normally and the alanine amide excreted in the urine as a sulfoxide isomer, as the sulfone, or conjugated with glucuronic acid. 

M37. Monti, J. P., Gallice, P., Crevat, A., et al. Identification by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry of a glucuronic acid conjugate of o-hydroxybenzoic acid in normal urine and uremic plasma. Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem, N.C.) 31, 1640-1643 (1985). 

It is probable that other conjugates of steroid hormones and their metabolites will eventually be found to exist in human urine, either as normal or unusual constituents. A conjugate of 17a-estradiol with jS-glucuronic acid and IV-acetylglucosamine has been isolated recently (J3) and an unusual compound, not a conjugate in the usual sense, of urea and... 

Glucuronic acid is present in normal urine (B30, K7, N22, Z2) and blood (F2) the daily excretion varies from 65 to 670 mg (B30). 

K7. Kerby, G. P., The excretion of glucuronic acid and of mucopolysaccharides in normal human urine. J. Clin. Invest. 33, 1168 (1954). 

Glucuronic acid is not known to occur free in nature. In polymeric combination with other carbohydrate residues it is found in many plant gums and is also present in oxycellulose. It is present in conjugated form in low concentrations in normal blood and urine and the amounts are appreciably increased following administration of glucuronogenic substances. Certain mucopolysaccharides that are widely distributed throughout the body also contain glucuronic acid. 

Small amounts of conjugated glucuronic acid occur in the normal urine, presumably combined with normal metabolites or toxic substances ingested in the diet. For example, Deichmann and Thomas (73) give the following lower and upper limits for normal excretion of glucuronic acid ... 

It is reasonable to suppose that small amounts of terpenes are absorbed and metabolized continuously in the body, since many of them are components of essential oils and of various herbs and plants used for medicinal or culinary purposes. These products no doubt contribute to a slight extent to the normal output of glucuronic acid, although no report was found in the literature that terpene derivatives or their glucuronosides are found in the normal urine. Those members of the group that are commonly used in pharmaceutical preparations have received considerable investigation and an increase in the urinary output of glucuronic acid has been found to occur almost invariably when these compounds are administered to experimental animals. 

The saturated Cai compounds are then either conjugated with glucuronic acid and appear in urine as the glucuronides, or they are further broken down. The side chain is split off particularly easily from 17-hydroxy compounds. The products are 17-keto steroids, androsterone, etiocholanolone, and. others, which are also excreted as glucuronides (more rarely as sulfates). The amount of 17-keto steroids in urine can be estimated easily with Zimmermann s color reaction it is useful for the diagnosis of adrenal cortical activity. One should be aware, however, that only a part of the corticosteroid excretion is measured, together vith testosterone inactivation products. Normally, about 10-20 mg per day of 17-keto steroids are excreted. 

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