Glucose 6-phosphate sources

Most chemical reactions involving phosphates in the biological system are either the addition (phosphorylation) or removal (hydrolysis) of phosphate. In the case of biological phosphorylations, the phosphate source or donor is the energy store ATP (more shall be said about this in Section 3.4.1) and the reaction is catalyzed by an enzyme often referred to as a kinase. A simple example is the phosphorylation of the sugar glucose ... 

The modes of action for niclosamide are interference with respiration and blockade of glucose uptake. It uncouples oxidative phosphorylation in both mammalian and taenioid mitochondria (22,23), inhibiting the anaerobic incorporation of inorganic phosphate into adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Tapeworms are very sensitive to niclosamide because they depend on the anaerobic metaboHsm of carbohydrates as their major source of energy. Niclosamide has selective toxicity for the parasites as compared with the host because Httle niclosamide is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Adverse effects are uncommon, except for occasional gastrointestinal upset. 

Vnother pathway of glucose catabolism, the pentose phosphate pathway, is the primary source of N/ E)PH, the reduced coenzyme essential to most reductive biosynthetic processes. For example, N/VDPH is crucial to the biosynthesis of... 

One of the commercial methods for production of lysine consists of a two-stage process using two species of bacteria. The carbon sources for production of amino acids are corn, potato starch, molasses, and whey. If starch is used, it must be hydrolysed to glucose to achieve higher yield. Escherichia coli is grown in a medium consisting of glycerol, corn-steep liquor and di-ammonium phosphate under aerobic conditions, with temperature and pH controlled. 

In plant plastids, GGPP is formed from products of glycolysis and is eight enzymatic steps away from central glucose metabolism. The MEP pathway (reviewed in recent literature - ) operates in plastids in plants and is a preferred source (non-mevalonate) of phosphate-activated prenyl units (IPPs) for plastid iso-prenoid accumulation, such as the phytol tail of chlorophyll, the backbones of carotenoids, and the cores of monoterpenes such as menthol, hnalool, and iridoids, diterpenes such as taxadiene, and the side chains of bioactive prenylated terpenophe-nolics such as humulone, lupulone, and xanthohumol. The mevalonic pathway to IPP that operates in the cytoplasm is the source of the carbon chains in isoprenes such as the polyisoprene, rubber, and the sesquiterpenes such as caryophyllene. 

The structural components encountered in E. coli are also present in lipid A of other bacterial sources. Thus, a survey of the structures analyzed shows that lipid A, in general, contain two g/wcoconfigured and pyranosidic D-hexosamine residues (2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose, GlcpN, or 2,3-diamino-2,3-dideoxy-D-glucose, GlcpN3N, also termed DAG (49,50)], which are present as a ) -(l — 6)-linked disaccharide (monosaccharide backbones have also been identified, but the respective lipid A lack endotoxic activity). The disaccharide is phosphorylated by one or, in most cases, two phosphate... 

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