Glucose glycation

Suji, G. and Sivakami, S. (2004). Glucose, glycation and aging. Biogerontology 5,365-373. 

Wendt T, Tanji N, Guo J, Hudson BI, Bierhaus A, Ramasamy R> et al. Glucose, glycation, and RAGE implications for amplification of cellular dysfunction,... 

Amadori-type early glycosylation products (Brownlee et /., 1988). Protein that has been glycated in vitro is con-formationally altered. For example, the amount of early glycosylation products in vivo in diabetics, whether on haemoglobin (Hb) or basement membrane, increases when blood glucose levels are normalized by treatment. 

Hunt, J.V., Dean, R.T. and Wolff, S. (1988). Hydroxyl radical production and autoxidative glycosylation. Glucose oxidation as the cause of protein damage in the experimental glycation model of diabetes mellitus and ageing. Biochem. J. 256, 205-212. 

Hunt, J., Bottoms, M. and Mitchinson, M.J. (1993). Oxidative alterations in the experimental glycation model of diabetes mellitus are due to protein-glucose adduct oxidation. Biochem. J. 291, 529-535. 

Glucose may auto-oxidize (like other alphahydroxy-aldehydes) and generate hydroxyl radicals in a transition-metal-catalysed reaction, and induce both fragmentation and conformational changes in glycated proteins (Hunt et al., 1990). 

Watkins NG, Thorpe SR, Baynes JW. Glycation of amino groups in protein. Studies on the specificity of modification of RNase by glucose. J. Biol. Chem. 1985 260 10629-10636. 

Several markers for the Maillard reaction have been described in the literature. For example, the product initially formed between glucose and lysine is partly transformed into furosine (Heyns et ah, 1968) on acid hydrolysis. Conversely, the fluorescent amino acid pentosidine (Sell and Monnier, 1989) is an advanced glycation endproduct (AGE) and may form covalent bonds between proteins (cross-linking). Furthermore, the Maillard reaction leads to an increase in characteristic fluorescence (excitation 370 nm, emission 440 nm) (Monnier et ah, 1984 Pongor et ah, 1984). 

Bailey AJ, Sims TJ, Avery NC and Halligan EP (1995) Non-enzymatic glycation of fibrous collagen reaction products of glucose and ribose. Biochem J 305, 385-390. 

Lindsay JR, McKillop AM, Mooney MH, O Harte FP, Flatt PR, Bell PM. Effects of nateglinide on the secretion of glycated insulin and glucose tolerance in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2003 61(3) 167-73. 

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