Glucose balance

The glucose balance has three terms on the right. The first accounts for the consumption by the cells. The last two terms account for the flow of glucose into and out of the fermentor. 

Since changes in glucose balance after diuretics tend to be reversible on withdrawal, measures of carbohydrate homeostasis should be assessed after several months of thiazide treatment to detect those few patients who experience significant glucose intolerance (353). With this approach, the small risk of diabetes mellitus secondary to diuretic therapy can be minimized. 

Other important results concern the glucose balance and the effect of glucose feed rate schemes in fed-batch cultures. It was shown by this analysis... 

In the simulation a first-order transfer function has been added between the plasma insulin concentration and the so-called active insulin concentration. The active insulin concentration affects the glucose balance. The relationship between insulin concentration and active insulin concentration is therefore ... 

In the literature, often the Bergman (1981) minimal model is discussed. This starts with the glucose and insulin balances, similar to Eqns. (18.1) and (18.2). The insulin concentration Cj does not affect the glucose balance directly. Instead, it acts through a separate compartment, the output of the compartment is Ciactive- The relationship suggested, amongst others, by Khoo (2000) is ... 

Table 11 summarizes values for the median lethal dose (LD q) for several species. In case of massive exposure, convulsions must be controlled, and glucose, fluid balance, and uriaary output must be maintained. Medical surveillance requires checking for damage to the Hver, the organ that apparently sustains initial damage, and monitoring for changes ia the blood profile. 

Write a balanced equation for the synthesis of a glucose molecule from ribulose-l,5-bisphosphate and COg that involves the first three reactions of the Calvin cycle and subsequent conversion of the two glyceraldehyde-3-P molecules into glucose. 

Carbon from the substrate glucose is converted into the carbon of the cells, phenylalanine, carbon dioxide and byproducts. Carbon balance calculations thus give us more understanding of the amount of carbon in glucose used for cell mass production, for synthesis of the wanted produd, maintenance energy and byproduct formation. 

Succinic add source of carbon and energy improves metabolic balance between carbon flux from glucose and oxidation throgh TCA cyde. 

Rosen ED, Spiegelman BM (2006) Adipocytes as regulators of energy balance and glucose homeostasis. Nature 444 847-853... 

As with most modeling efforts, the mathematical formulation is the easy part. Picking the right values from the literature or experiments is more work. An immediate task is to decide how to characterize the substrate and product concentrations. The balance equations for substrate and product apply to the carbon content. The glucose molecule contains 40% carbon by weight so S will be 0.4 times the glucose concentration, and 5q = 0.04. Similarly,... 

Turning to the substrate balance, yeast cells contain about 50% carbon. The cell mass is measured as total dry weight, not just carbon. This gives Yx/s = 2 when S is measured as the carbon equivalent of glucose. A reasonable value for Yxis is 1 so that half the carbon goes into biomass and half meets the associated energy requirements. The maintenance coefficient in carbon-equivalent units is 0.008 h . Using these parameter estimates, the three simultaneous ODEs for 5" > 0, become... 

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