Glucocorticoid receptor phosphorylation

Bodwell, J.E., J.C. Webster, C.M. Jewell, J.A. Cidlowski, J.M. Hu and A. Munck. Glucocorticoid receptor phosphorylation overview, function and cell cycle-dependence. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 65 91 -99, 1998. 

Webster, J.C., C.M. Jewell, J.E. Bodwell, A. Munck, M. Sar and J.A. Cidlowski. Mouse glucocorticoid receptor phosphorylation status influences multiple functions of the receptor protein. J. Biol. Chem. 212 9287-9293, 1997. 

The phosphorylated Stat proteins form homodimeric or heterodimeric complexes and are transported as such into the nucleus (Fig. 11.7). In the nucleus, they bind to corresponding DNA elements in the promoter region of cytokine responsive genes. Stimulation of transcription takes place in cooperation with other proteins such as p300, CBP (see 1.4.6), glucocorticoid receptors and c-jim. 

Kim Y, Sun Y, Chow C, Pommier YG, Simons SS Jr. Effects of acetylation, polymerase phosphorylation, and DNA unwinding in glucocorticoid receptor transactivation. J. Steroid Biochem. Molec. Biol. 2006 100 3-17. 

Itoh, M., M. Adachi, H. Yasui, M. Takekawa, H. Tanaka and K. Imai. Nuclear export of glucocorticoid receptor is enhanced by c-Jun N-terminal kinase-mediated phosphorylation. Mol. Endocrinol. 16 2382-2392, 2002. 

Chitin-coated cellulose (produced by treating cellulose with alkali-chitin) has been used in the purification of lysozyme and a derivative of lysozyme by affinity chromatography. DNA derivatives of cellulose have been used in the chromatography of phosphorylated, nucleolar nonhistone and in the purification of a glucocorticoid receptor from rat liver. 

Various hormonal agents (eg, glucocorticoids) lower the affinity of insulin receptors for insulin growth hormone in excess increases this affinity slightly. Aberrant serine and threonine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor subunits or IRS molecules may result in insulin resistance and functional receptor down-regulation. 

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