Energy global consumption

Energy use by sector in the United States. (From U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration. Annual Energy Review 1991, DOE/EIA-O384(91), Washington, DC, June 1992. http www/eia.doe.gov/aer/txt/ptb0201a.html) 

World energy demand. (Data up to 2006, projections after 2006.) 

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In comminution processes, energy consumption is often the most important design consideration. In fact, it has been estimated that 1 per cent of global energy consumption is used in comminution. Energy consumption is a function of the size and hardness of the material and the required degree of breakage or surface area formation. Empirically... 

The main less continuous net heat sources are from volcano eruptions, earth quakes and also the fall meteorites. The preliminary additional net heating (excl. meteorites) during the last 120 years are listed in Table 3. It is seen that volcanoes corresponds to 16% of the global energy consumption. 

Thermal Pollution (Global energy consumption + other net heat sources) -OLR... 

Fig. 3 Global energy consumption versus global C02 emissions. Source Energy Information Administration.

The power sector can be supplied with various renewable sources, namely wind, solar, hydraulic power and biomass. The transportation sector, which represents 28% of the global energy consumption [7], has a limited choice, however. Bio-... 

When discussing global energy consumption, the unit of energy most often used is the quad (Q). One Q equals 1 quadrillion Btu (1015 Btu), 1.055 exajoules (EJ), 172 million barrels of oil equivalent (boe), or 0.293 petawatt hour (pWh = 1012 kWh) of electricity. One Q is also equivalent to the yearly energy produced by over two dozen nuclear power plants, the energy content of 10,000 supertankers of oil, 400,000 railcars of coal, or 28 billion cubic meters of natural gas. 

Therefore, to collect the 750 Q that is expected to be the global energy consumption by 2050 would require 488 x 750 = 366,000 km2, which is 4% of the area of the Sahara (9 million km2). Therefore, the solar radiation reaching less than 4% of the Sahara would suffice to provide all the energy required by mankind in 2050. Another way to express the abundance of solar energy is to note that the total area of high insolation on the planet is more than 5,000... 

Figure 3. Northern Hemisphere latitudinal distribution of total energy consumption (percent of 1968 global energy consumption)...

TABLE 1.1 Global Energy Consumption by Region and Energy Source in 1990 ... 

By the middle of the 21st century, global energy consumption will more than double from the present rate. To meet this demand under potential worldwide limits on carbon dioxide emissions, cost-effective solar energy must be developed.8... 

The mean global energy consumption rate in 1998 amounted to 12.8 TW (383 quad/year),1 of which only 10 percent was used for electricity (Figure 5.1). Oil, gas, and coal constitute almost 80 percent of this total energy consumption. The mean U.S. energy consumption rate in 1998 was 3.3 TW (99 quad/year), 15 percent of which was used to generate electricity. 

In general, case C postulates that the use of fossil fuels will decline, renewables gradually achieving dominance that renewables will account for 40 percent of global energy consumption by 2050 and that the percentage will increase to 80 by 2100. 

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